Aphasia: Symptoms and SyndromesSimple Functions / Complex FunctionsSlide 3Phonological Production / SpeakingPhonological Recognition / UnderstandingDoubts about Wernicke’s AreaErratic Speech in Wernicke’s AphasiaLessons from Carl WernickeWernicke and ConnectionismBasic functions and complex functionsWernicke’s Area and SpeakingPulvermüller’s StatementParaphrasing PulvermüllerAphasic SymptomsSome speech of a Broca aphasicSpeech production: a complex processMore, from a (different) Broca’s apasicAttempt to describe “cookie theft” picture (Broca’s aphasic)Agrammatism in Broca’s aphasiaSome speech of a Wernicke aphasicAnother Wernicke aphasicExamples of anomiaSome speech of a conduction aphasicParaphasiaExamples from a picture-naming testPhonemic paraphasia in a conduction aphasicPerisylvian Aphasic SyndromesThe most common perisylvian aphasias in order of frequency of occurrenceCharacteristics of Broca AphasiaWord classes in Broca aphasiaComprehension in Broca aphasiaVerbal short-term memory deficit (in Broca aphasia)Subtypes of Broca aphasiaConduction AphasiaPronunciation deficitsAreas of damage in conduction aphasiaCoronal section, showing Sylvian fissure, insula, etc.Slide 38Aphasia: Symptoms and SyndromesLing 411 – 04Simple Functions / Complex FunctionsA question came to me in class when you mentioned that localization does not work for complex functions (e.g. rats navigating mazes), because the brain can compensate with other brain areas. It seems to me that "understanding speech“, localized in Wernicke's area, is actually a pretty complex process...how is simplicity/complexity determined? This is a general question, but I'm interested in the implications of this question to also the Broca's area and any other relevant areas. Either a general explanation or a point in the right direction to what sort of researchers work I want to look at would be greatly appreciated.Thanks!HalleSimple Functions / Complex FunctionsSimple functionComplex functionPhonological Production / SpeakingSpeaking is a complex process•Therefore, involves multiple areasPhonological production is a simple process•Broca’s areatogether with parts of primary motor area and subcortical areasOther processes in speaking•(other than phonological production)Phonological Recognition / UnderstandingUnderstanding speech is a complex process•Therefore, involves multiple areasPhonological recognition is a simple process•Wernicke’s areatogether with primary auditory area and subcortical areasOther processes in understanding•(other than phonological recognition)Doubts about Wernicke’s AreaSteven Pinker: Wernicke’s area …was once thought to underlie language comprehension. But that would not explain why the speech of these patients sounds so psychotic. The Language Instinct (1994)Friedemann Pulvermüller:…patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty speaking…. These deficits are typical…and cannot be easily explained by assuming a selective lesion to a center devoted to language comprehension. The Neuroscience of Language (2002)Erratic Speech in Wernicke’s Aphasia“I feel very well. My hearing, writing been doing well. Things that I couldn’t hear from. In other words, I used to be able to work cigarettes. I didn’t know how…. Chesterfeela, for 20 years I can write it.” From Harold Goodglass Understanding Aphasia (1993)Lessons from Carl WernickeCarl Wernicke:Primary functions alone can be referred to specific areas…. All processes which exceed these primary functions…are dependent on the fiber bundles, that is, association. Aphasia Symptom Complex (1874)Any higher psychic processes exceeding these primary assumptions cannot be localized but rest on the mutual interaction of these fundamental psychic elements which mediate their manifold relations by means of the association fibers. Recent Works on Aphasia (1885-86)Wernicke and ConnectionismKandel, Schwarz, and Jessel:“…Wernicke proposed (1876) that only the most basic mental functions, those concerned with simple perceptual and motor activities, are localized to single areas of the cortex, and that more complex intellectual functions result from interconnections between several functional sites. In placing the principle of localized function within a connectionist framework, Wernicke appreciated that different components of a single behavior are processed in different regions of the brain. He thus advanced the first evidence for the idea of distributed processing, which is now central to our understanding of brain function.” Essentials of Neural Science and Behavior (1995:13)Basic functions and complex functionsPhonological recognition is a basic functionIt is located in Wernicke’s area• along with, perhaps, the area intermediate between primary auditory area and W’s areaSpeaking is a complex function•It is a cooperative effort of several areas, including Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area•Phonological recognition is a necessary component of speakingWernicke’s Area and SpeakingPhonological images guide speech productionPhonological recognition monitors productionCompare..•Painting without visual perception•Playing a piano without auditory perceptionConclusion: Of course phonological recognition (i.e. Wernicke’s area) plays a role in speech productionPulvermüller’s Statement…patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty speaking…. These deficits are typical…and cannot be easily explained by assuming a selective lesion to a center devoted to language comprehension. The Neuroscience of Language (2002)Paraphrasing PulvermüllerAltered quote:…patients with damage to the occipital lobe have difficulty drawing pictures…. These deficits are typical…and cannot be easily explained by assuming a selective lesion to a center devoted to visual perception.…patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty speaking…. These deficits are typical…and cannot be easily explained by assuming a selective lesion to a center devoted to language comprehension. The Neuroscience of Language (2002)Aphasic SymptomsVarieties of language deficitsInferences from language deficitsProblems of interpretationSome speech of a Broca aphasicExaminer: What brought you to the hospital?Patient: Yes ... Monday ... Dad, and Dad ... hospital, and ... Wednesday, Wednesday, nine o'clock and ... Thursday, ten o'clock ... doctors, two, two ...