Dr. Katherine HeenanEnglish 472Spring 2007Herrick NotesHerrick, James. A History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction. 3rd edition. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2005Chapter TenContemporary Rhetoric II:The Rhetoric of Situation, Drama, and NarrationKenneth BurkeIdentificationUsed synonymously with consubstantial. It is the key to persuasion. As we share substances, we come toidentify with others. As we speak each other's language, we become consubstantial.- Identity or consubstantiation is the quality of sharing attributes. - Identification is key to persuasion.- Identification has several functions.- Identification occurs through common goals/background. - Identification occurs through common enmity/challenge. - Identification occurs through unconscious association.- Division, or lack of identification, is the natural state of separate human beings. o The human experience is inherently individual, and thus divisive. o Rhetoric is intended to replace division with identification. o Unconscious motivation occurs when identification is made without awareness or willful intent.Consubstantial- We form selves or identities through various properties or substances, including physical objects, occupations, friends, activities, beliefs and values. Occurs when two entities are united in substance through common ideas, attitudes, possessions or properties.- Rhetoric’s goal, then, is to bring together individuals separated from one another by “alienation and competition.Rhetoric as “Symbolic Inducement”- As Herrick notes, Burke saw rhetoric as “the use of symbols to shape and change human beings and their contexts” (224). - Three fundamental elemts of human social and private existence that knowledge of rhetoric helpsus understando The symbolic means by which we define ourselves and our communitieso the nature of meaning as a matter of interpreting symbols, ando human motivation and actionTerministic screens and Being Human - Terministic screens--the terms or vocabulary we use as a result of our occupations constitute a kind of screen that directs our attention to particular aspects of reality rather than others. - Human beings are the symbol-making, symbol-using, symbol-misusing animal, inventor of the negative, separated from our natural condition by instruments of our own making, goaded by thespirit of hierarchy, acquiring foreknowledge of death, and rotten with perfection.Burke’s PentadBurke's most famous contribution to rhetorical theory is known as his dramatistic pentad, presented in his work, A Grammar of Motives in 1945. As the name "dramatistic pentad" implies, the concept is drawn from the world of drama and divides rhetorical situations into five constituent elements for analysis. Burke sought in the pentad a "grammar of motives," that is, aHerrick, ch 10means of understanding human motivation. The five elements of the pentad are1. the act—is what was done or is being done2. the scene— the location of the act ; its setting3. the agent— the person performing the action 4. agency— the means by which the agent performs the act. and 5. purpose—the reason for the action, the intended goal. A tool or method of analysis used to discover the motivation in symbolic action. It is a critical instrument designed to reduce statements of motives to the most fundamental level Function of the Pentad o It is used as a method of analysis to ascertain the motivation in symbolic action. o It is a critical statement designed to reduce motives to the most fundamental level. Pentadic ratios o Pentadic ratios describe relationships between elements of the pentad. o Pentadic ratios can be used to determine the appropriateness of certain components of rhetoric. - Ratios suggest a relationship of propriety, suitability, or requirement among the elements. - An examination of all the ratios aids the critic in discovering which term in the pentad receivesthe greatest attention by the rhetor. DramatismBurke uses this "critical metaphor" to explain human motivation through the analysis of drama. It is "a technique of analysis of language and of thought as basically modes of action rather than a means of conveying information." Form "An arousing and fulfillment of desires" or "the creation of an appetite in the mind of the auditor, and the adequate satisfying of that appetite." BitzerThree essential components of Bitzer's "rhetorical situation" In "The Rhetorical Situation," Lloyd Bitzer argued that a rhetorical situation is marked by three 1. an audience, 2. an exigence, and 3. constraints. - Exigence: Bitzer defined an exigence as "an imperfection marked by urgency; it is a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be." Not all exigencies, however, contribute to rhetorical situations. The particular exigence in question must be one capable of modification by discourse. - Audience: The second element in the rhetorical situation is the audience. However, it is again important to point out that not all audiences are rhetorical audiences from Bitzer's point of view. Arhetorical audience is made up only of persons able to be influenced by discourse, and then to mediate change.- Constraint: Finally, Bitzer maintains that rhetorical situations exhibit constraints. Bitzer defines the concept of constraint as follows: "[C]onstraints [are] made up of persons, events, objects, and relations which are parts of the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action needed to modify the exigence."7 Bitzer compares constraints to the artistic and inartistic proofs of Aristotle's Rhetoric. He apparently has in mind, then, that constraints are any factors that a rhetorician must contend with in the inventional process. They are factors both limiting and liberating the rhetor as 2Herrick, ch 10arguments and appeals are both discovered and advanced for audience acceptance. Bakhtin discourse is always ideological and social - For Bakhtin, all language is inherently ideological in at least two ways. First, language does not merely reflect, but actually constructs our view of the world. As a result, speaking and writing are never value-free. Second, to speak is to articulate a position, to give voice to a system of beliefs. - Language is inherently social for two reasons. First, speech is fashioned from preexisting, historically bound linguistic material. Speech itself is the product of prior social processes. Second, we