Rhetoric Book IIBook One General OutlineSlide 3Book I in reviewBook II General OutlineSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Book II OverviewChapter OneSlide 11Book IIPathosSlide 14Chapter TwoSlide 16Chapter ThreeChapter FourChapter FiveChapter SixChapter EightSlide 22Chapter NineChapter ElevenSlide 25Chapters Twelve - SeventeenSlide 27Slide 28Chapter TwelveChapter ThirteenSlide 31Chapter FourteenChapter SixteenChapter SeventeenChapters Eighteen - Twenty-sixChapter EighteenChapter NineteenSlide 38Chapter TwentySlide 40Chapters Twenty-OneChapters Twenty-three - Twenty-SixChapters Twenty-TwoSlide 44Slide 45Slide 46Rhetoric Book IIThe Nature of InventionBook One General OutlineCh 1 Rhetoric vis-a-vis DialecticCh 2 Rhetoric DefinedCh 3 Three Species of Rhetoric (deliberative, judicial, epideictic)Ch 4 Deliberative Rhetoric: Political TopicsCh 5 Deliberative Rhetoric: Ethical TopicsCh 6 Deliberative Rhetoric: Ethical Topics(cont'd)Ch 7 Deliberative Rhetoric: The Greater GoodBook One General OutlineCh 8 Deliberative Rhetoric: Topics on Political ConstitutionsCh 9 Epideictic Rhetoric & AmplificationCh 10 Judicial Rhetoric: Topics on Wrongs and their CausesCh 11 Judicial Rhetoric: Topics on PleasureCh 12 Judicial Rhetoric: Topics on Wrongdoers and the WrongedCh 13 Judicial Rhetoric: Topics on Justice and InjusticeCh 14 Judicial Rhetoric: The Greater Wrong Ch 15 Judicial Rhetoric: Nonartistic Means of PersuasionBook I in reviewRecall that in Book I Aristotle identifies three means of persuasion (pisteis) that a rhetor must keep in mind when addressing an audience:–ETHOS: that which is derived when the speaker's character is presented in a favorable light.–PATHOS: which is derived from awakening emotion in an audience.–LOGOS: that which is derived from the logic of the speaker's argument.Book II General OutlineCh 1 Character and Emotion in PersuasionCh 2 Arousing Emotion: Anger and CalmnessCh 3 Arousing Emotion: Anger and Calmness (cont'd)Ch 4 Arousing Emotion: Friendliness and EnmityCh 5 Arousing Emotion: Fear and ConfidenceCh 6 Arousing Emotion: Shame and ShamelessnessCh 7 Arousing Emotion: Kindliness and UnkindlinessBook II General OutlineCh 8 Arousing Emotion: Pity and IndignationCh 9 Arousing Emotion: Pity and Indignation (cont'd)Ch 10 Arousing Emotion: Envy and EmulationCh 11 Arousing Emotion: Envy and Emulation (cont'd)Ch 12 Adapting Ethos to Audience: The YoungCh 13 Adapting Ethos to Audience: The OldCh 14 Adapting Ethos to Audience: Those in Their PrimeBook II General OutlineCh 15 Adapting Ethos to Audience: The Well BornCh 16 Adapting Ethos to Audience: The WealthyCh 17 Adapting Ethos to Audience: The PowerfulCh 18 Logical Argument: IntroductionCh 19 Logical Argument: Common topics: Possible/Impossible; Past Fact/Future Fact; DegreeCh 20 Logical Argument: From ExampleBook II General OutlineCh 21 Logical Argument: MaximsCh 22 Logical Argument: EnthymemesCh 23 Logical Argument:28 Common Topics & StrategiesCh 24 Logical Argument: Fallacious EnthymemesCh 25 Logical Argument: Refutation of EnthymemesCh 26 Logical Argument: Non-Topics: Amplification, Refutation, ObjectionBook II OverviewIn Book II Aristotle goes into greater detail on each of these means of persuasion. It is interesting to note that Aristotle realizes that the average person usually isn't persuaded by arguments alone. It is for this reason that the rhetor needs to have a firm understanding of how to use his own character and the emotions of the audience as means of persuasion as well.Chapter OneEthical and Pathetic ProofsGeneral Discussion of EthosObject of Rhetoric is JudgmentSpeaker's character important for deliberative oratoryChapter OneJudge's frame of mind more important for forensic oratoryThree qualities necessary to produce conviction:–good sense–virtue–good willDefinition of emotions–The emotions are all those affections which cause men to change their opinion in regard to their judgments, and are accompanied by pleasure and pain.Book IIChapters Two - Eleven–Pathos– Introduction"Emotions in Aristotle's sense are moods, temporary states of mind---not attributes of character or natural desires---and arise in large part from perception of what is publicly due to or from oneself at a given time. As such, they effect judgments" (Kennedy 124). The clever speaker, therefore, can alter the psychological state of members of his audience by arousing specific emotions in them, and, thus effect their judgments.PathosAims of Rhetor in Arousing Emotions–The aim of the rhetor, according to Aristotle, is to aroused these emotion in an audience in order to effectively secure the judgment that he desires from them and to be able to arouse negative emotions (e.g., shamelessness, enmity, and envy) against one's enemies.PathosWhat we need to know about the emotion in order to persuade (2.1):–the nature (definition) of the particular emotionwhat is the state of mind of the person who feels the emotion? –the object of the emotiontowards whom or what is the emotion felt? –cause of the emotionwhy is the emotion felt and in what circumstances is it felt?Chapter TwoCatalogue of Ethical/Pathetic ProofsAnger and MildnessAnalysis of Anger–Definition–Slights–Dispositions of those roused to anger–Objects of angerChapter TwoAnger–definition: strong desire for revenge caused by the belittlement of ourselves or those we love. This belittle must be uncalled for (e.g., undeserved)–object = felt towards that particular individual (or group) that has caused us harm–cause = some manifestation of belittlement--- e.g.:contempt: felt towards those who are viewed as unimportant.spite: involves thwarting another's wishes, not to get something for oneself but to prevent him from having it.insult: involves saying or doing things to sham one's victim not because of anything he may have done to you, but simply for the pleasure involved.Chapter ThreeCalmness–definition: the settling down and quieting of anger. Therefore, calm is the opposite state of anger.–object = felt towards those who do not belittle us (i.e., who respect us)or who have done so involuntarilyor who are sorry for what they have done, etc. –cause =when we feel prosperous,