Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE)Aristotle (384-322 BCE)Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Differing Views of RealityRhetoric, has its own IdentityRhetoric’s UsefulnessRhetoric Book 1Book ISlide 11Slide 12Book I Chapter OneBook I Chapter TwoSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17The Syllogism--LogicThe EnthymemeEnthymeme-truncatedEnthymeme--shared valuesSlide 22Book I Chapter ThreeSlide 24Slide 25Book I Chapter FourBook I Chapter FiveSlide 28Slide 29Book I Chapter SixSlide 31Slide 32Book I Chapter SevenSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Book I Chapter EightSlide 38Book I Chapter NineSlide 40Book I Chapter TenSlide 42Book I Chapter ElevenSlide 44Book I Chapter TwelveSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Book I Chapter ThirteenBook I Chapter FourteenSlide 51Book I Chapter FifteenSlide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Aristotle’s contribution to RhetoricMore on Aristotle and RhetoricBook IIIAristotle (384 - 322 BCE)Life & TimesAristotle (384-322 BCE)Plato’s studentborn in Macedonia about the time Plato was opening the Academy in Athensage seven went to Athens and entered the Academy--stayed on as teacher; left 20 yrs later on Plato’s death in 347 Was ineligible to inherit Academy because he wasn’t Athenianlike Plato, he studied a vast array of subjects--teaching biology, politics, rhetoric, zoology, ethics, philosophyAristotle (384-322 BCE)believed only scientific demonstration and the analysis of formal logic could arrive at transcendent truthDialectic and rhetoric form 2 major divisions in his view of human inquiry but they deal with subjects on which true knowledge isn’t availableHis Rhetoric synthesizes much of the teaching on rhetoric and proposes a few new angles of the problem with rhetoric that interest Platorhetoric is the art of discovering the means of persuasion available for any subject--this discovery requires scientific investigationAristotle (384-322 BCE)rhetorician must start with knowledge”the way in which a thing is said does affect its intelligibility” but only “owing to the defects of the hearers” (Book III, CH. 1)rhetoric is the art of public speakingdialectic is the art of logical discussionanalyzes and classifies proper province for an art of rhetoric as Plato set forth in Phaedrus --study of souls and the occasions for moving themrhetoric is useful in making practical decisions (like Isocrates)Aristotle (384-322 BCE)interested in psychology of rhetoricrhetoric useful in making decisions where true knowledge is not availableenthymemes are rhetorical argumentsrhetoric in context of law, praises or blames, political debate--not just a concern with speech but with the action that will result form speech public speakers must understand forms of govt so they can adapt proposals to the ruler to be persuadedDiffering Views of RealityPlato Reality is there and communication reflects reality.Aristotle Reality is probably there and communication is a relationship with reality.Gorgias Reality is not there and communication creates reality.Rhetoric, has its own IdentityA counterpart to dialectic not cookeryNot moral but pragmatic and scientificA study of all the available means of persuasionFunctions to discover in each context the best way to by successfulRhetoric’s UsefulnessPrevents fraud and injusticeAids instructionMakes us argue both sidesHelps in self-defenseRhetoric Book 1The Nature of RhetoricBook Ispeaks strongly against radical Platonic idealism by noting that we do not live in the perfect world which Plato sought to establish therefore there are many good uses for rhetoricdefines Rhetoric: the art of discovering in any given case what are the best means of persuasionRhetoric is ARTISTIC:organized according to principles, flexible to personal interpretation, expressive, with aesthetic considerations, anddisposed toward utilityBook IRhetoric is about DISCOVERY: rhetoric is not merely the words, or their performance. Rather, the intellectual and philosophical development of that which should be said and how to say it best. Rhetoric is about effective human thought in the realm of communication interests. Rhetoric is particular to the given case.at its best it is not canned or pre-fabed. It is individualized to specific cases. Rhetoric is about PERSUASION.Book Itext comprised of lecture notes and was probably never intended for publication (book and chapter divisions probably work of later eds.)most of the text, in fact, may be work of his students--their notes from his lecturesBook IChapter OneRhetoric as Technê Definition of Rhetoric as counterpart of dialecticThe centrality of proofs and enthymemesThe usefulness of rhetoricThe true and the just are naturally superior to their oppositesGeneral audiences lack the ability to follow scientific reasoningRhetoric proves opposites in order to counteract false argumentBook IChapter TwoAnalysis of Rhetoric as a SystemRhetorical theory organized hierarchicallydivides rhetoric into 2 major categories: artistic proofs for which the rhetorician constructs the material inartistic proofs for which he interprets existing evidenceDefinition of Rhetoric as a FacultyRhetoric may then be defined as the faculty of discovering the possible means of persuasion in reference to any subject whatever.Book IChapter TwoAnalysis of Rhetoric as a SystemConcerning ProofsTwo Types of ProofsArtistic and inartistic proofsmodern scholars see Aristotle as dividing artistic proofs into 2 major categories:enthymeme and example with logical ethical and pathetic appeals as subdivisions underBook IChapter TwoConcerning ProofsTwo Types of ProofsArtistic and inartistic proofsTypes of inartistic proofsevidence like testimonies, contracts, knives, tortured slavesTypes of artistic proofsLogos--logical argumentsPathos--causes of emotion in humans not irrational or nonrational as in Gorgias’s enchantmentsEthos--character, human goodness, virtueBook IChapter TwoModes of proof: example and enthymemeRhetorical vs. dialectical proofs induction = exampleSyllogism = enthymemeenthymeme superior to exampleThe function of Rhetoric, then, is to deal with things about which we deliberate, but for which we have no systematic rules; and in the presence of such hearers as are unable to take a general view of many stages, or to follow a lengthy chain