I. IntelligenceA. General intelligenceOverview of Current Lecture:I. Intelligence cont.Problems with MMPI test:Some of the questions are too vague.EX: Sometimes I smell strange odors. (Who doesn’t smell strange odors?)You can think too far into the questions and go crazy thinking about them, answer to get the results you wantProjective tests: theory is that when confronted with an ambiguous stimulus they must interpret, a person will project their traits, needs, conflicts onto itProblems: ink-blot test appears to lack any significant predictive validity, partly because of poor of scoring/interpreting responses. TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) is betterHeritable variation in personality traits within a species: consequences of most forms of sexual reproductionExample: pumpkinseed sunfish- some are bold, some are cautious. Tend to have different kinds of habitats and the difference is heritable. Bold and cautious may both contribute more or less equally to fitness, given available ecological nichesKagan’s Research: assess children at 21-39 months… 7.5 years (longitudal study)Major results: children selected at 2 years because they were extremely shy, quiet, and restrained became 7 year olds who were quiet, cautious, and socially avoidant. Behavior appears quite early and is stable over time. Product of early stressful experiencesInteraction effect: what is the effect of novel vs. familiar face on the MRI signal? Depends on whether you’re an inhibited or uninhibited child. Inhibited child had a higher signal changeSheldon’s Somatotypes: these body types are associated with different personality traits (mesomorph, endomorph, ectomorph)1988 study conclusion on twins: 50% of measured personality diversity can be attributed to genetic diversity. Common family environment (shared environment effect) influence was small and negligibleShared environment effect: family environment influence when genetic influences are statistically controlled or removed. Effect on your diet, language you speakNatural experiments can be used to assess the influences of shared environment, non-shared environment, geneticsSome difference in traits is a result of non-shared environment effects: consists of unique experiences outside of the home environment, manifested in niche-seeking- people seeking out the environments they find comfortable and chance events- something happens to you and not your siblingEvidence for genuine shared-environment effects on some traitsAnti-social behavior is a significant shared environment influence, but sociopathy is a large genetic componentSpouse selection in monozygotic twins is a very large influence of non-shared environmentsHeritability of the big five dimensions, based on MZ:DZ differences: N 41%, E 53%, O 61%, A 41%, C 44%Singleton sibling correlations:.40 for cognitive abilities.20 for personality.10 for psychopathologyChild-Environment Interactions:Reactive: different children can have different reactions to the same situationsEvocative: different children elicit different reactions from othersProactive: different children actively seek out different experience and environments – niche-seekingPSYC 100 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture  I. Intelligence A. General intelligenceOverview of Current Lecture:I. Intelligence cont. Current Lecture Problems with MMPI test: Some of the questions are too vague. - EX: Sometimes I smell strange odors. (Who doesn’t smell strange odors?)- You can think too far into the questions and go crazy thinking about them, answer to get the results you want Projective tests: theory is that when confronted with an ambiguous stimulus they must interpret, a person will project their traits, needs, conflicts onto it- Problems: ink-blot test appears to lack any significant predictive validity, partly because of poor of scoring/interpreting responses. TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)is better Heritable variation in personality traits within a species: consequences of most forms of sexual reproduction- Example: pumpkinseed sunfish- some are bold, some are cautious. Tend to have different kinds of habitats and the difference is heritable. Bold and cautious may both contribute more or less equally to fitness, given available ecological niches Kagan’s Research: assess children at 21-39 months… 7.5 years (longitudal study)- Major results: children selected at 2 years because they were extremely shy, quiet, and restrained became 7 year olds who were quiet, cautious, and socially avoidant. Behavior appears quite early and is stable over time. Product of early stressful experiences  Interaction effect: what is the effect of novel vs. familiar face on the MRI signal? Depends on whether you’re an inhibited or uninhibited child. Inhibited child had a higher signal change Sheldon’s Somatotypes: these body types are associated with different personality traits(mesomorph, endomorph, ectomorph) 1988 study conclusion on twins: 50% of measured personality diversity can be attributed to genetic diversity. Common family environment (shared environment effect) influencewas small and negligible - Shared environment effect: family environment influence when genetic influences are statistically controlled or removed. Effect on your diet, language you speak- Natural experiments can be used to assess the influences of shared environment,non-shared environment, genetics- Some difference in traits is a result of non-shared environment effects: consists of unique experiences outside of the home environment, manifested in niche-seeking- people seeking out the environments they find comfortable and chance events- something happens to you and not your sibling Evidence for genuine shared-environment effects on some traits- Anti-social behavior is a significant shared environment influence, but sociopathyis a large genetic component - Spouse selection in monozygotic twins is a very large influence of non-shared environments Heritability of the big five dimensions, based on MZ:DZ differences: N 41%, E 53%, O 61%, A 41%, C 44% Singleton sibling correlations: .40 for cognitive abilities .20 for personality .10 for psychopathology Child-Environment Interactions: Reactive: different children can have different reactions to the same situations Evocative: different children elicit different reactions from others Proactive: different children actively seek out different