Also called “species-specific” or “species-typical” behaviors (p. 70)Sign stimulus (external sensory stimulus) fixed action patternEx: presence of female bird  mating dance performed by maleFixed action pattern: instinctive behavioral sequence; invariantLearning: not instinctual and are learned from interacting with external environment.Critical period: a specific time in which a thing can be learned, such as a duckling becoming attached to the first moving thing they seeFitness: measured by the successfulness of an organism and genetically similar individuals to reproduceFood aversions are specific cases:•Animal ingests poisoned food or is exposed to radiation while eating ordinary food.- The punishing effects of poisoning or radiation occur several hours later.• Animals develop a strong, specific aversion to that food (taste, smell specific).• Animals do not develop an aversion to other stimuli in that situation.• A conditioned association is formed even though punishment occurs long after the experience.Lecture 6- Ultimate explanation: explanation at the evolutionary level;What function did this behavior have in promoting fitness? Not usually part of our immediate awareness (cognitively impenetrable)- Proximate explanation:What are the immediate causes and specific mechanisms of the behavior in an individual?Easy to investigateAwareness, feelings- Parental investment principle:In a given species, whichever sex manifests the greater parental investment:(1) Will be the sex more competed for by members of the other sex for purposes of mating(2) Will also be the sex that is more discriminating in matingSexual Selection: in a sexually reproducing species, survival through adulthood isn’t sufficient- must also attract a fertile mate and reproduceAdaptation: a characteristic that came about (evolved) because of the survival and reproductive advantage it possessedWhy are babies cute?  Cuteness in babies triggers a releasing stimulus that triggers care-taking in organismsThe baby’s face is a sign stimulus that leads to care givingWhy do we prefer symmetrical faces?  Symmetrical faces and bodies may be signs of good inheritance to women of child-bearing age seeking to create healthy offspringIndication that a man has experienced "fewer genetic and environmental disturbances such as diseases, toxins, malnutrition or genetic mutations" while growingPSYC 100 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1-6Lecture 1 – Introduction - This lecture covers the material for the semester and so there is nothing significant to goover from the first lecture.Lecture 2 – Research Methods - Scientific Method: a part of empirical science, which depends on experience or observation and is derived from or guided by experience. Empirical science is verifiable by experience or observation. - “Methodological behaviorism”: known as “scientific objectivity”, and consists of careful observation, careful measurement, independent verification, and careful inferenceChallenges faced during psychological research: 1) Internal validity: control of potentially biasing influences, such as the placebo effect (what we want to happen)2) External validity: findings may not be relevant to “real-world” settings or problems3) “Noise”: there are random uncontrolled/uncontrollable influences that affect observations 4) Individual differences: naturally occurring variation among people5) Inference: what about unobservable processes and internal subjective states, like dreaming? Operational definition: abstract concept becomes concrete and observable 6) Constraints: ethical and legal limits – we can’t shock people, etc.- Randomization Principle: people differ in ways that might affect the dependent variable, so the solution is random assignment- outcome of a chance event dictates who gets what treatment so no characteristics of the people systematically biases the outcome- Random sampling: generalize observations by using a chance process to select subjects, characteristics of the people don’t influence anythingo RANDOM SAMPLING AND RANDOMIZATION ARE DIFFERENT- R-DB-PC-CT: vary one thing, keep everything else constanto Randomized: equate subjects at the outseto Double blind: observer and subject don’t have biaseso Placebo controlled: control for non-specific aspects, which are things that make people think they’re getting better - Reasoning fallacy: because event Y tends to follow or accompany event X, you conclude that Y occurs because of X… sometimes this is true, but often it isn’t o X can be a cause of Y, Y can be a cause of X, X and Y can be the effects of a third variable Z, Y can be directly caused by Z and only indirectly caused by X- EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: ATTEMPTS TO CREATE VARIATION UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS IN AN ATTEMPT TO TEST OR DETERMINE THE EXISTENCE OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP.- CORRELATIONAL-OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH: DEALS WITH ALREADY-EXISTING OR NATURALLY-OCCURRING’ VARIATION AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES. - Naturalistic observation: subject is observed in its natural habitat without any manipulation by the observer - Independent replication: various observers repeat the same experiment to see if the results are consistent - Correlation coefficient: measure of correlation strength; negative doesn’t mean there’s no correlation; low number= low correlation, high number= high correlation; -1 to 1- Measurement reliability: if measure produces consistent results under consistent conditions, it has a high reliability Lecture 3 – Conditioning- Conditioned reflex: a “modified” reflex that is now associated with a stimulus that it wasn’t previously - Stimulus: anything that produces a responseo Sign stimulus: a specific external stimulus that initiates a specific response o UCS: unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that is unlearned, reflexive, built-in, suchas food in the situation that a dog salivates when he sees the foodo UCR: unconditioned response: a response that is reflexive (the drooling is the UCR)o CS: conditioned stimulus: a stimulus that is taught through trials and repeated associationso CR: controlled response: a stimulus that is taught through trials and repeated associations Ex: conditioned stimulus can be a bell (previously neutral stimulus) that makes a dog salivate (now the conditioned response) once it becomes associated with food though experiments - One-trial learning: one trial causes the subject to associate