I. SchizophreniaI. Affective disordersa. Depressionb. Bipolar disorderAffective Disorders: Chronic, endogenous rather than transitory, exogenous.Major depression: “persistent and severe feelings of sadness and worthlessness”; sleeplessness, agitation, loss of appetite & libido; social withdrawal. Guilt, delusions, suicidal thoughts,Dysthymia (chronic mood disorder)Bipolar disorder (manic - depressive). Depression - normalcy - mania cyclesHeritability:Very high for bipolar (> 70% concordance in MZs).Lower but substantial for major depression (> 40%).Some disorders may be adaptationsAffective disorders result in higher suicide rate than schizophrenia, alcoholism, etc.Reinforcement Decrement and Depression Model:- When the beta mouse feels rejection of the social kind, it is a trigger for developing depression and mood disorders in generalKeep the diathesis principle in mind here. Some individuals are much more likely than others to consistently respond this way. Other people accept disappoint and keep trying.(large genetic component to this)Serotonin: A basic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator (a ‘feel good’ biochemical). Generated in the brain stem, a system important for many basic physiological functions (temperature, heart rate, sleep, sex, mood, aggression). Serotonin release accompanies movement.Drugs that prolong serotonin activity in the synapse/receptors (SSRIs: selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) have anti-depressant effects (Prozac, others). They are relatively selective (few side effects).New neurons can develop from stem cells in the human hippocampus, but stress suppresses hippocampal neurogenesisHypothesis is that depression is related to or accompanied by stress-induced loss of neurons or reduced neurogenesis in hippocampus. Hippocampus is related to forming new memories, so why is it related to memories as much as it is?Exercise affects neurogenesis. Exercise decreases depression.Depression alters sleep patterns: depressed peple progress more quickly through sleep stages, enter REM sleep more quickly, earlier wakingBipolar: depressed/manic states as PET imagesBipolar I: mania and depressionBipolar II: hypomania and depressionHypomanic = “almost maniac”Bipolar disorder is more common among creative artistsMental illness genes may have an adaptive function of some times, which is why they have stayed in society over time – perhaps an adaptation for helping us solve complex problemsObsessive-Compulsive Disorders: the most common kinds of OCD behaviors: checking, counting, collecting. These are all basic natural behaviors. Accompanied by intense anxiety and inability to inhibit the behavior.ETIOLOGY: Not presently known. OCD is heritable and related to anxiety disorders and abnormal brain states. “Symbolic” nature of obsession/compulsion: not verified.Thought to result from overarousal of the feedback loop controlling behavior, located in the frontal cortex, basal ganglion, and thalamusBasal ganglia: “large masses of gray matter that lie on each side of the thalamus … especially important for the initiation and coordination of deliberate movements”Striatum: “Current evidence suggests that the dorsal striatum contributes directly to decision-making, especially to action selection and initiation, through the integration of sensorimotor, cognitive, and motivational/emotional information within specific corticostriatal circuits involving discrete regions of striatum.”Tourette’s: “Multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics that persist for more than one year.” “Individuals can exhibit tics, blinking, barks, grunts, yelps, sexual gestures or displays, imitation of others’ behavior and vocalizations that range from quiet muttering to loud cursing.” Appearance  6 yrs. Highly co-morbid with OCD and ADHD. Much more common among males (4). Significant heritability. General problem with impulse control.Lesch-NyHan syndrome: uncontrollably driven to harm themselves. Might be the result of a random mutation of one letter in a gene that produces an enzyme that “recycles” DNA. X-linked recessive.PSYC 100 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Schizophrenia Outline of Current Lecture I. Affective disordersa. Depressionb. Bipolar disorderCurrent Lecture Affective Disorders: Chronic, endogenous rather than transitory, exogenous. Major depression: “persistent and severe feelings of sadness and worthlessness”; sleeplessness, agitation, loss of appetite & libido; social withdrawal. Guilt, delusions, suicidal thoughts, Dysthymia (chronic mood disorder)Bipolar disorder (manic - depressive). Depression - normalcy - mania cycles Heritability:  Very high for bipolar (> 70% concordance in MZs).  Lower but substantial for major depression (> 40%). Some disorders may be adaptations Affective disorders result in higher suicide rate than schizophrenia, alcoholism, etc. Reinforcement Decrement and Depression Model: - When the beta mouse feels rejection of the social kind, it is a trigger for developing depression and mood disorders in general- Keep the diathesis principle in mind here. Some individuals are much more likely than others to consistently respond this way. Other people accept disappoint and keep trying.  (large genetic component to this) Serotonin: A basic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator (a ‘feel good’ biochemical). Generated in the brain stem, a system important for many basic physiological functions (temperature, heart rate, sleep, sex, mood, aggression). Serotonin release accompanies movement.- Drugs that prolong serotonin activity in the synapse/receptors (SSRIs: selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) have anti-depressant effects (Prozac, others). They are relatively selective (few side effects). New neurons can develop from stem cells in the human hippocampus, but stress suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis - Hypothesis is that depression is related to or accompanied by stress-induced loss of neurons or reduced neurogenesis in hippocampus. Hippocampus is related to forming new memories, so why is it related to memories as much as it is? - Exercise affects neurogenesis. Exercise decreases depression.  Depression alters sleep patterns: depressed peple progress more quickly through sleep stages, enter REM sleep more quickly, earlier waking Bipolar: depressed/manic states as PET imagesBipolar I: mania and