Earth's Resources Final Exam November 15, 1995Name Section I. Answer all questions on the exam paper for a total of 1.5 points each. a. What are three ways to desalinate seawater? Describe as best you can. b. Define saltwater intrusion? How does it occur? c. What are three ways to dispose of sludge from water treatment plants? d. Contrast Riparian and Prior Appropriation Rights with respect to water in the U.S.. e. Why is a confined aquifer usually prone to less pollution than an unconfined one? f. Give two examples of oil traps. g. What are three examples of point-source pollutants of groundwater ? h. What is a combined-cycle gas plant? i. Define half-life. j. Describe the development of an erosional gully. Section II. (value 10 points) Fill in the blanks with the best selection from the words below.a. and were important in the development of the American West.b. The maximum amount of total dissolved solids considered acceptable for drinking water is .c. is usually found in placer deposits.d. is another word for milling.e. On average, a wind generator will last years.f. Brass is made with and .g. is the more general term for a soil.h. and are used to make control rods in nuclear reactors.i. contains the least carbon/BTU for fossil fuels.j. Oil was first discovered in the U.S. in List of wordsopen-pit mining 25% siliconcopper Pennsylvania sodiumnatural gas 20% graphitetin 40 20silver regolith mollisolzinc oil oil shalewindmills coal goldbeneficiation Texas magnesium500 ppm Alaska 50800 ppm boron 30manganese guns nuclear power plantSection III. Answer this question in the blue book. It is compulsory. (value 15 points)Contrast and compare the following types of energy: coal, hydropower, and nuclearenergy. I would like you to cover such topics as reserves, efficiency, cost and environmental impact. You may cover more if you wish. Of these three energy types, which would you pick to develop further. Why?Section IV. Water. Answer either a. or b. (value 15 points)a. What are the methods used in flood control? Describe how they work. What environmental hazards do these methods themselves hold?b. Discuss the hydrologic cycle, using a diagram. Make sure you describe all the 'sinks' for water.Section V. Energy. Answer a. or b. (value 15 points)a. Discuss the life of oil: from its formation, its concentration to its recover and refining to its burning.b. What are the conditions necessary for the accumulation and development of coal? When did these occur in the past? Where is it taking place now? What are the various ranks of coal and what do they mean?Section VI. Soils and metals. Answer either a. or b. (value 15 points)a. What are the major factors controlling soil formation? Describe them and discuss their relative importance. Illustrate the importance of these factors with reference to the worldwide distribution of soils.b. For each of the following metals, please give the following information:1. What kind of deposit is it found in ?2. What country has the largest reserves?3. What country is the largest producer?4. What is the major use of the metal?5. Does the U. S. produce any of this metal or do they import all of it?The metals are:chromiumgoldcoppermolybdenumironSection VII. Environment. Answer either a. or b. (value 15 points)a. What is nuclear waste? Include low, intermediate and high level waste. Describe how it is formed and the problems with its disposal. What are some proposed methods of disposal?b. Describe the environmental impact of the automobile--from mining its components to discarding its