BASE METALSCopperSlide 3Copper: Geological OccurrenceCopper: HydrothermalCopper: HydrothermalCopper: Sediment HostedCopper: Production and ReservesSlide 9Copper priceCopper: major producers 2006Lead and ZincLead and Zinc MineralsLead UsesSlide 15Lead FactsZincZinc usesZinc pricesZinc: Major ProducersGeologic Occurrence: Lead & ZincSn, Hg, CdGeologic Occurrence of SnTin ProducersMercury (Hg)Cadmium (Cd)BASE METALSCu, Pb, Zn, Sn, Hg, CdCopperEarliest Underground MinesWhen~ 6000 years agoMuch of it native CuOre mineral: ChalcopyriteCopperAbundance is 58 ppmCopper: Geological OccurrenceMagmatic Segregation DepositHydrothermalSediment HostedCopper: Hydrothermal1. VeinsA. meteoric or sea waterB. Magmatic waterE.g. Yellowstone is 90% rain water and 10% magmaticA little diversion here!Copper: Hydrothermal2. Porphyry Copper3. Skarn4. Volcanogenic massive sulphideCopper: Sediment Hosted ShalesKupferschiefer245 to 286 million years old20 cm thick; over 6000 square kmMined since the 1300’sCongo and Zambia900 million years oldOur source of Co as wellWhite Pine Cu, UP MichiganCopper: Production and ReservesCopper: Production and ReservesCopper priceCopper: major producers 2006Chile--35% the world’s productionU.S. 8% Peru 7%All others under 5%Lead and ZincUsually found together in natureHave approximately the same solubility in fluids—both relatively low temperaturePb has been known since antiquity, but not ZnLead and Zinc MineralsPb—Galena PbSZn-sphalerite (Zn,Fe)SSource of Cd too as by-productZnCO3 (original source)Lead UsesGasoline in some countriesBatteriesPaintsSolderBearingsXray Radiation protectionLead and ZincLead FactsChina and Australia produce about 50% of the world’s lead (2006)U.S. recycled about 74% of the lead in 2006ToxicityZincDiscovered in Bristol in 1740 (your text)—was a Zn industry establishedDiscovered by Andreas Marggraff in 1746 (web elements)http://www.zinc.org/#Relatively soft, bluish white—harder to smelt than either Cu or PbZinc usesGalvonizingZn in brassZnOCu pennies (since 1982 in the U.S.(in the UK, pennies and tuppences are Cu clad steel)Zinc pricesZinc: Major ProducersChina produced 2.5 million tons25% of the world’s productionAustralia produced 1.4 million14%Peru produced 1.21 million12.1 %Geologic Occurrence: Lead & Zinc1. Veins2. Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide 3. Mississippi Valley Type Deposits4. Sediment HostedSn, Hg, CdTin has been known for over 5000 yearsBronze and PewterSn platingSoldersMineral: CassiteriteGeologic Occurrence of SnGranitic RocksPlacer depositsIt is very dense and hardTin ProducersUSGS http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/tin/Mercury (Hg)Liquid in its natural stateMineral source: Cinnabar (HgS)Blood red in colorMercury data: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/mercury/Cadmium (Cd)Discovered in 1817 as an impurity associated with ZnCd is recovered during the smelting of ZnSCd
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