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Water ResourcesWho Owns the water?American RuleWestern Correlative rightsPotential Water ProblemsEnglish Rule1. Limited water supplyColorado River CompactSlide 9Slide 10Aral SeaSlide 12AralSlide 14Turkey, Syria, and IraqFrom Wikipedia2. Groundwater DepletionGroundwater DrawdownWater withdrawal>Water rechargeSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23SW KansasPanhandle TexasSlide 26Ground Water Depletion, ChicagoSlide 28Subsidence due to Groundwater Depletionhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.htmlhttp://jameswagner.com/gallery/mexico-city-2004/IMG_2693Slide 32http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sinkholes.htmlGround Water Decline, USASlide 35What does the subsidence cause?Salt Water Intrusion a. in Coastal areasSlide 38Slide 39Slide 40Salton Sea3. Soil DeteriorationSlide 43Slide 44DesertificationNouakchott, the capital of Mauritania4. Surface Water PollutionPoint SourceNon-point Source (Diffuse in UK)Source: Environment Agency (2005)5. Ground Water PollutionDrilling wellsFertilizerInactive minesSeptic systemOil TanksWorld Poor Waterhttp://www.patp3.webbler.co.uk/doc.php?id=606Water Resources•1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs•2. Floods and Flood Control•3. Use of Water•4. Water Composition•5. Water ProblemsWho Owns the water?•Surface Water•Riparian Rights in the Eastern U.S.•Prior Appropriation in the Western U.S.•Ground Water•English Rule of Absolute Ownership•American Rule of Reasonable Use•Western Correlative RightsAmerican Rule•Reasonable Use. The reasonable use rule, or American rule, was developed in the 19th century. Under the American rule landowners are entitled to use ground water on their own land without waste. If their use exceeds this ''reasonable use," the landowner is liable in damages. The American rule may still be followed in a few eastern states, although it is being judicially replaced by the eastern correlative rights doctrine. The reasonable use doctrine is part of the ground water jurisprudence of Nebraska, Arizona, and California.Western Correlative rights•Western Correlative Rights. The California doctrine of correlative rights also initially developed in the 19th century but has continued to develop. Under the correlative rights doctrine, if the ground water supply is inadequate to meet the needs of all users, each user can be judicially required to proportionally reduce use until the overdraft is ended. The policy significance of correlative rights is that each well owner is treated as having an equal right to ground water regardless of when first use was initiated.Potential Water Problems•1. Limited water supplies in an area•2. Groundwater depletion•3. Soil Deterioration•4. Surface Water Pollution•5. Ground Water PollutionEnglish Rule•Absolute Ownership. The earliest judicial theory of ground water rights is the doctrine of absolute ownership, also referred to as the English rule. Under the absolute ownership doctrine the landowner is, by virtue of land ownership, considered owner of the ground water in place. Thus in absolute ownership jurisdictions a landowner may pump as much ground water as possible, without regard to the effect his pumping has on neighbouring landowners.1. Limited water supply•Examples include–The Colorado River–The Aral Sea–Euphrates River (Turkey, Syria, Iraq)Colorado River Compact•Wy, Co, NM, Utah•Ariz, Calif, Nevada•Mexico•Look to your notes mortonAral SeaAralTurkey, Syria, and IraqFrom Wikipedia•The Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey involves the construction of 22 dams and 19 power plants by 2005, the biggest development project ever undertaken by Turkey. The first of the dams was completed in 1990. Southeast Turkey is still struggling economically, adding fuel to the discontent expressed by Turkey's Kurdish minority centered there. The Turkish authorities hope that the project will provide a boost to the region's economy, but domestic and foreign critics have disputed its benefits as well as attacking the social and environmental costs of the scheme.•In Syria the Tabaqah Dam (completed in 1973 and sometimes known simply as the Euphrates Dam) forms a reservoir, Lake Assad that is used for irrigating cotton. Syria has dammed its two tributaries and is constructing another dam. Iraq has seven dams in operation, but water control lost priority during Saddam Hussein's regime. Since the collapse of Ba'ath Iraq in 2003, water use has come once again to the fore. The scarcity of water in the Middle East leaves Iraq in constant fear that Syria and Turkey will use up most of the water before it reaches Iraq. As it is, irrigation in southern Iraq leaves little water to join the Tigris at the Shatt-al-Arab.•Google Earth 36°0′N 38°35′E2. Groundwater Depletion•Results in–Drawdown–Land Subsidence–Salt water intrusionGroundwater DrawdownWater withdrawal>Water recharge•This results in Water Mining•Example: Ogallala Aquiferhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/fs00165/http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1186/html/gw_dev.html#aquiferSW KansasPanhandle TexasGround Water Depletion, Chicagohttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwdepletion.htmlLocations in the basins of southern California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico where substantial ground-water level declines have been measured. In some areas, water levels have recovered in response to reduction in pumping and increased recharge efforts (Leake and others, 2000).Subsidence due to Groundwater Depletionhttp://www.geotimes.org/july01/sinking_titanic_city.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.htmlhttp://jameswagner.com/gallery/mexico-city-2004/IMG_2693http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/short_series/lakereservoirs-2/9.asphttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/sinkholes.htmlGround Water Decline, USAThis earth fissure formed on Rogers Lake atEdwards Air Force Base, California, in January1991, and forced the closure of one of thespace shuttle’s alternative runways. The fissurehas been attributed to land subsidencerelated to ground-water pumping in the AntelopeValley area (Galloway and others, 2003).http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-103- 03/JBartolinoFS(2.13.04).pdfWhat does the subsidence cause?•Damage to well-casings•Structural damage to buildings/roads/bridges•Movement of buried cables•Changes in slopes and efficiencies of canal systems and irrigation systems•Increased susceptibility to flooding•Reversal of aquifer flowsSalt Water Intrusiona. in Coastal


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U of M GEOL 2350 - Water Resources

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