Slide 1Slide 2Natural Gas and other Fossil FuelsNatural GasHistoryHistory cont’dModern Use of Natural GasSlide 8FormationSlide 10ProductionComposition of Natural GasSlide 13Production-past and projectedIn Billion cubic feetReservesSlide 17Reserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feetReserves—how long will they last?Heavy Oils and Tar SandsSlide 21Slide 22Slide 23Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sandSlide 25Athabasca Tar (Oil) SandsSlide 27http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htmlCountries with large tar sand depositsExtracting oil from tar sandsOil ShaleDefinitionSlide 33Slide 34Oil shale from AAPGSlide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Mining techniquesComparison of Major Types of Fossil FuelCarbon ContentSlide 43Heat contentSlide 45Efficiency in Producing Electricityhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.htmlElectric Power USA 2005Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Natural Gas and other Fossil FuelsNatural Gas•History of Use•Formation•Production•ReservesHistory•China—first recorded use, piped through bamboo•Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat)•William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer–Put coal gas lights in cotton millsHistory cont’d•1821, Fredonia New York•William Hart drilled a well 27’ deep and piped the gas to a local inn—where it lit 66 lights•Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859•1872: long-distance pipelines made•1879: Thomas EdisonModern Use of Natural Gas•Seamless pipes available in 1920’s but it wasn’t until after World War II that it became really important for heating•Why is it a good fuel?–No refining–Burns cleanly–More heat/unit weight than any other fossil fuelNatural Gas•History of Use•Formation•Production•ReservesFormation•Formed in the same manor as petroleum–Thermogenic-->4km and >150°C•Formed during the petrogenesis of coalNatural Gas•History of Use•Formation•Production•ReservesProduction•Similar to oil but easier to release because it is much less viscous—Composition of Natural Gas•Mostly methane CH4•Some ethane C2H6•Propane C3H8•Butane C4H10•Hydrogen H2•Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphideProduction•Impurities removed •Coal scent added•Then piped–> 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.•Middle East, Africa, South America–LNG at -162°CProduction-past and projectedReport #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006)Release Date: June 2006In Billion cubic feetWorld dry Natural gas consumption020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,0001980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Billion cubic feetReservesNatural Gas ReservesOil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007050010001500200025003000NorthAmericaCentral& SouthEuropeEurasiaMiddleEastAfricaAsia &OceaniaTrillion Cubic FeetNatural Gas•History of Use•Formation•Production•ReservesReserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feet•U.S.A. 204•Russia 1688•Iran 974•Qatar 910•Saudi Arabia 244•United Arab Emigrates 214–These countries account for 67% of the world’s reservesReserves—how long will they last?•At the current rate?–100 trillion cubic feet per year—about 62 years•At projected rates?–About 150 trillion cubic feet per year—about 41 yearsHeavy Oils and Tar Sands•Definition•Formation•Pilot PlantsHeavy Oils and Tar Sands•Characterized by being–A. Dark in colour–B. So viscous that they don’t respond to either primary or secondary recovery techniques–High in sulphur, Ni, V–Rich in asphaltinesHeavy Oils and Tar Sands•Example•Bitumen—black viscous to semisolid HC material found when oil has lost its light weight volatile componentsHeavy Oils and Tar Sands•Definition•Formation•Pilot PlantsFormation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand•1. oxidation and loss of lightweight fractions•2. Thermal maturation•3. BiodegrationHeavy Oils and Tar Sands•Definition•Formation•Pilot plants no moreAthabasca Tar (Oil) Sands•In 2003, Alberta’s reserves estimates of remaining established reserves are 174.5 billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001, Alberta’s production of raw bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that for conventional crude oil, accounting for 53% of Alberta’s oil production. This trend is expected to increase to about 80% of Alberta’s oil production by 2013.http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htmlCountries with large tar sand deposits•Canada•Venezuela•Middle EastExtracting oil from tar sands•http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfmOil Shale•Definition•Formation•Fuels of the future•Mining techniquesDefinition•Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called kerogen•Can be converted to oil at temperatures in excess of 500°COil Shale•Definition•Formation•Fuels of the future•Mining techniquesFormation•Deposited with fine-grained sediments (mud) that are rich in organic material. Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is lost with temperatures in excess of 150.•Organic material is heavy •5 to 25% is recoverable organic material•Rich oil shales burn like coalOil shale from AAPG•http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfmOil Shale•Definition•Formation•Fuels of the future•Mining techniquesReserves•http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfOil ShaleOil Shale•Definition•Formation•Fuels of the future•Mining techniquesMining techniques•Revert to notesComparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel•1. Carbon content•2. Heat Content•3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity•4. Environmental ConcernsCarbon Content•Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than coal•Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit energy than coal•Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit energy than oil•Gas<Oil<CoalComparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel•1. Carbon content•2. Heat Content•3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity•4. Environmental ConcernsHeat contentUnit Heat (106 Btu)Coal Short ton 21.266Anthracite Short ton 22.244Natural Gas 1000 ft31.029Gasoline gallon 0.125071Heating Oil Gallon 6.49Electricity Kwh 0.003412Wood Cord 21.5Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel•1. Carbon content•2. Heat Content•3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity•4. Environmental ConcernsEfficiency in Producing Electricity•From Coal 28%•From Oil 35%•From Natural Gas