Relationships of Floras (& Faunas)Knowledge of earth and organism histories now permit closer examination ofrelationships of disjunct floras and faunas.• Southern Hemisphere temperate• Southern Hemisphere tropics• the Wallace Line• Eastern Asian - Eastern North American temperateCladistic BiogeographyReview of 4 steps to integrateearth and organismalevolutionIn Croizat’s terminology,general area cladogram =generalized track, but nowwith cladistic informationtreesfungibirdsCladistic BiogeographyStep 4 — find general areacladogramIn Croizat’s terminology,general area cladogram =generalized track, but nowwith cladistic informationRelationships of Floras (& Faunas)There are other more “simple” tools to evaluate floristic and faunisticrelationships besides those involving phylogenetics and earth history as justdiscussedParsimony Analysis of EndemicityParsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) classifies areas or localities by their shared taxain a parsimony analysis. The data matrix analyzed is different in that areas = taxa and thetaxa = characters. First example done on South African biota.Step 1 — identify areas ofendemism to be used. By using agrid or quadrat system instead, onecan actually deduce areas ofendemism.Parsimony Analysis of EndemicityParsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) classifies areas or localities by their shared taxain a parsimony analysis. The data matrix analyzed is different in that areas = taxa and thetaxa = characters. First example done on South African biota.Step 2 — construct data matrix;This is normal phylogenetic dataset – but this is not used!char 1 char 2 etc.taxon 11 1 0 0 0 1taxon 21 1 0 0 0 0etc. 0 1 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 00 0 1 1 1 00 0 1 1 1 00 0 1 1 1 0Parsimony Analysis of EndemicityParsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) classifies areas or localities by their shared taxain a parsimony analysis. The data matrix analyzed is different in that areas = taxa and thetaxa = characters. First example done on South African biota.Step 2 — construct data matrix;rows = areas (“taxa”), columns =taxa (“characters”);cells contain either 0 - absence or 1– presence of the species in eachareaTaxon1Taxon2Taxon3Taxon4Taxon5Taxon6Area A1 1 0 0 0 1Area B1 1 0 0 0 0Area C 0 1 0 0 0 0Area D 0 1 0 0 0 0Area E0 0 0 0 1 0Area F0 0 1 1 1 0Area G0 0 1 1 1 0Area H0 0 1 1 1 0Parsimony Analysis of EndemicityStep 3 — parsimony analysis toderive cladogram of areas; barsindicate share derived characters orshared speciesMany shared species for an area orgroups of areas indicates an areaof endemismParsimony Analysis of EndemicityStep 4 — define areas ofendemismNote: parsimony analysis done, butno information about organismalrelationships usedAnother common method is tosimply compare differentregions in terms of % similarityat a specific taxonomic level —as here with families ofmammals and flowering plantsRelationships of Floras (& Faunas)However, families, or any othertaxonomic rank, are not usuallyequivalent in ageMt. KenyaFloristic relationships among the afroalpineregions of the East African mountains wereassessed by looking at species in commonRelationships of Floras (& Faunas)Mt. KenyaPairwise similarity (shared species) between nineafroalpine regions. Total number of species for eachmountain shown in parenthesis and endemics inbold.Relationships of Floras (& Faunas)Mt. KenyaSpatial distribution of nine mountains (A) andcluster diagram showing floristic relationships basedon Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity (B)Relationships of Floras (& Faunas)Relationships of Floras (& Faunas)Knowledge of earth and organism histories now permit closer examination ofrelationships of disjunct floras and faunas.• Southern Hemisphere temperate• Southern Hemisphere tropics• the Wallace Line• Eastern Asian - Eastern North American temperateSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraInteresting contrast between the floras of the southern hemisphere temperate andtropical floras.[The northern hemisphere continents are far more affected by recent glaciationevents, so their distribution patterns are far more complex].35 species of trees and shrubs, evergreen and deciduous, restricted to SouthAmerica, New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea,and fossilized in AntarcticaNothofagaceaeAbsent from Africa! — “odd continent out”Southern Hemisphere Temperate FloraConnections between South America and Australasia pronounced:Nothofagaceae• Subg. Nothofagus — South America• Subg. Fuscospora — S. Am., N. Zeal., Tasmania• Subg. Lophozonia — S. Am., N. Zeal., Tasmania, Austr.• Subg. Brassospora — New Caledonia, New GuineaSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraMost recent molecularcladogram of Nothofagus; nowthere appears to be 3 lineageswithin Nothofagus that showindependent Gondwananvicariance with S. Americasplitting firstSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraProteaceaeBanksiaProteaRoupalaProteaceae comprise 1700 species of woody plants placed in 79 generapredominantly of the southern hemisphere. The family, unlike Nothofagaceae,occurs in south Africa and Madagascar, and extends into southern China.The 16 genera from Africa are endemic and comprise only 3 lineages. Incomparison, South America and Australasia share roughly half of the genera incommon. All tribes within the latter two areas are shared.Africa — “odd continent out”!Southern Hemisphere Temperate FloraRestionaceae comprise 520 species of grass-like plants placed in 58 generapredominantly of the southern hemisphere.Askidiosperma — RestionaceaeCape RegionSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraRestionaceae comprise 520 species of grass-like plants placed in 58 generapredominantly of the southern hemisphere.The 350 species from Africa are unique and belong only to 11 genera of theRestio group. In contrast, South America and Australasia share many generaincluding some species. Africa — “odd continent out”!Fynbos, S. Africa — RestionaceaeSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraWhy is Africa the “odd continent out” when it comes to the temperate southernhemisphere flora?Three reasons:ProteaceaeNothofagaceaeRestionaceaeSouthern Hemisphere Temperate FloraEstimates in millions of years BP when migration routes between land masses were broken or made.madebroken1. All three continents separated from Gondwana at about 100-110 mya in theearly Cretaceous, but South America and Australia linked with temperateAntarctica until about 50 mya