Flora of Hawaii•• since so isolated, it has a depauperate flora and consists entirely of waif since so isolated, it has a depauperate flora and consists entirely of waifelements derived from LDDelements derived from LDDArgyroxiphium sandwicense - Haleakala silverswordnativePassiflora mollissima - Banana pokaor weedsFlora of Hawaii•• individual islands tend to fit the expected number of species based on area individual islands tend to fit the expected number of species based on area- except most recent Hawaii- except most recent HawaiiFlora of Hawaii•• endemism high in flowering plants endemism high in flowering plants1,817 including introduced1,817 including introduced649 including introduced649 including introduced87 native families87 native families•• 0% endemic 0% endemic146 including introduced146 including introduced956 native species956 native species•• 89% endemic 89% endemic216 native genera216 native genera•• 15% endemic 15% endemicBrighamiaLobeliaceaeFlora of Hawaii•• endemism highest in the world endemism highest in the worldBrighamiaLobeliaceae•• speciation far exceeds immigration speciation far exceeds immigration•• Hawaiian flora so distinctive, often assigned its own floristic region Hawaiian flora so distinctive, often assigned its own floristic region•• Why so distinctive? Why so distinctive?Flora of Hawaii•• distance from source area and thus few immigrants distance from source area and thus few immigrants•• archipelago effect and inter-island archipelago effect and inter-islandspeciationspeciationFlora of Hawaii•• extraordinary rich and diverse habitats available extraordinary rich and diverse habitats available•• 38 community types 38 community typesrecognizedrecognizedFlora of Hawaii•• disharmonic flora disharmonic flora•• only 3 native orchid only 3 native orchidspeciesspecies•• but many introduced but many introducedorchids that becomeorchids that becomenaturalizednaturalizedDendrobium & honey beesFlora of Hawaii•• disharmonic flora disharmonic floraPritchardia beccariana•• only 1 native palm genus only 1 native palm genus•• native gymnosperms and primitive native gymnosperms and primitiveangiosperms absentangiosperms absentFlora of Hawaii•• disharmonic flora - 15 largest families of native species disharmonic flora - 15 largest families of native species•• largelarge source area families source area familiesunder representedunder represented•• small Campanulaceae -small Campanulaceae -lobeliads and bellflowers -lobeliads and bellflowers -over representedover representedFlora of Hawaii•• immigrants: 270 (or less!) gave rise to 956 native angiosperms immigrants: 270 (or less!) gave rise to 956 native angiospermsCyrtandra PeleaCyanea•• 1/10 1/10thth of colonist generates of colonist generates 1/2 of species ! 1/2 of species !Flora of Hawaii•• immigrants: similar story with other biota immigrants: similar story with other biota•• one American finch gave rise to 33 extant and 14 extinct species of honeycreepers one American finch gave rise to 33 extant and 14 extinct species of honeycreepersFlora of Hawaii•• immigrants: similar story with other biota immigrants: similar story with other biota•• 800 land molluscs from 20 colonists 800 land molluscs from 20 colonists•• 5,800 insects from 250 colonists 5,800 insects from 250 colonistsFlora of Hawaii•• immigrants: but different story for ferns! immigrants: but different story for ferns!•• 168 ferns from 135 colonists - implying constant immigration (lack of genetic 168 ferns from 135 colonists - implying constant immigration (lack of geneticisolation) and/or few speciation eventsisolation) and/or few speciation eventsSadleria - 6 species Polypodium - 1 speciesvs.vs.Flora of Hawaii•• LDD mechanisms LDD mechanisms internal internalBIBI mud mudBMBMviscidviscidBVBVbarbs/hooksbarbs/hooksBBBB air airAAdriftdriftDFDFdrift - raredrift - rareDRDR39%13%10%12% 1%14% 9%Leptocophylla BIBIArgyroxiphium BBBBAcacia - koa DRDRViola BMBMFlora of Hawaii•• floristic affinities floristic affinitiesLeptocophyllaEpacridaceae•• despite proximity of despite proximity ofHawaii to N America,Hawaii to N America,almost half of colonists arealmost half of colonists areof Austral-asian originof Austral-asian originFlora of Hawaii•• floristic affinities floristic affinities•• few from Arctic-Beringia few from Arctic-Beringia ViolaPlantago - plantainFlora of Hawaii•• floristic affinities floristic affinities•• woody violets considered closely woody violets considered closelyrelated to South American violetsrelated to South American violets Viola•• all native Hawaiian violets are polyploid all native Hawaiian violets are polyploidand derived from polyploid races of oneand derived from polyploid races of oneBeringian tundra species - the AlaskanBeringian tundra species - the AlaskanvioletvioletViola langsdorfiiFlora of Hawaii•• floristic affinities floristic affinities•• 18-22% from western 18-22% from westernNorth AmericaNorth America ArgyroxiphiumFlora of Hawaii•• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords•• silversword alliance of 3 genera and 28 silversword alliance of 3 genera and 28speciesspecies•• trees, shrubs, subshrubs, rosette plants, trees, shrubs, subshrubs, rosette plants,cushion plants, vinescushion plants, vinesFlora of Hawaii•• B. Baldwin verified that the Hawaiian B. Baldwin verified that the Hawaiiansilversword radiation derived from silversword radiation derived from CaliforniaCalifornia•• the closest species is now the closest species is nowcalled called Carlquistia muiriiCarlquistia muirii•• this origin occurred aboutthis origin occurred about5 mya5 mya•• rapid radiation at base rapid radiation at base•• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswordsFlora of Hawaii•• inter-island biogeography [ inter-island biogeography [““island hoppingisland hopping””]] Argyroxiphium•• most speciation events occur on individual islands most speciation events occur on individual islands•• few successful inter-island colonizationsfew successful inter-island colonizations•• movement is from older to younger islands movement is from older to younger islandsFlora of Hawaii•• inter-island biogeography [ inter-island biogeography