Flora of Hawaii• since so isolated, it has a depauperate flora and consists entirely of waifelements derived from LDDArgyroxiphium sandwicense - Haleakala silverswordnativePassiflora mollissima - Banana pokaor weedsFlora of Hawaii• individual islands tend to fit the expected number of species based on area- except most recent HawaiiFlora of Hawaii• endemism high in flowering plants1,817 including introduced649 including introduced87 native families• 0% endemic146 including introduced956 native species• 89% endemic216 native genera• 15% endemicBrighamiaLobeliaceaeFlora of Hawaii• endemism highest in the worldBrighamiaLobeliaceae• speciation far exceeds immigration• Hawaiian flora so distinctive, often assigned its own floristic region• Why so distinctive?Flora of Hawaii• distance from source area and thus few immigrants• archipelago effect and inter-islandspeciationFlora of Hawaii• extraordinary rich and diverse habitats available• 38 community typesrecognizedFlora of Hawaii• disharmonic flora• only 3 native orchidspecies• but many introducedorchids that becomenaturalizedDendrobium & honey beesFlora of Hawaii• disharmonic floraPritchardia beccariana• only 1 native palm genus• native gymnosperms and primitiveangiosperms absentFlora of Hawaii• disharmonic flora - 15 largest families of native species• large source area familiesunder represented• small Campanulaceae -lobeliads and bellflowers -over representedFlora of Hawaii• immigrants: 270 (or less!) gave rise to 956 native angiospermsCyrtandra PeleaCyanea• 1/10th of colonist generates 1/2 of species !Flora of Hawaii• immigrants: similar story with other biota• one American finch gave rise to 33 extant and 14 extinct species of honeycreepersFlora of Hawaii• immigrants: similar story with other biota• 800 land molluscs from 20 colonists• 5,800 insects from 250 colonistsFlora of Hawaii• immigrants: but different story for ferns!• 168 ferns from 135 colonists - implying constant immigration (lack of geneticisolation) and/or few speciation eventsSadleria - 6 species Polypodium - 1 speciesvs.Flora of Hawaii• LDD mechanisms internalBI mudBMviscidBVbarbs/hooksBB airAdriftDFdrift - rareDR39%13%10%12% 1%14% 9%Leptocophylla BIArgyroxiphium BBAcacia - koa DR Viola BMFlora of Hawaii• floristic affinitiesLeptocophyllaEpacridaceae• despite proximity ofHawaii to N America,almost half of colonists areof Austral-asian originFlora of Hawaii• floristic affinities• few from Arctic-Beringia ViolaPlantago - plantainFlora of Hawaii• floristic affinities• woody violets considered closelyrelated to South American violets Viola• all native Hawaiian violets are polyploidand derived from polyploid races of oneBeringian tundra species - the AlaskanvioletViola langsdorfiiFlora of Hawaii• floristic affinities• 18-22% from westernNorth America ArgyroxiphiumFlora of Hawaii• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswords• silversword alliance of 3 genera and 28species• trees, shrubs, subshrubs, rosette plants,cushion plants, vinesFlora of Hawaii• B. Baldwin verified that the Hawaiiansilversword radiation derived from California• the closest species is nowcalled Carlquistia muirii• this origin occurred about5 mya• rapid radiation at base• adaptive radiation of Hawaiian silverswordsFlora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography [“island hopping”] Argyroxiphium• most speciation events occur on individual islands• few successful inter-island colonizations• movement is from older to younger islandsFlora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography [“island hopping”]Spiders Spinning Southeast!T. kauaiensisT. tantalusT. waikamoiT. polychromataT. macracanthaT. brevignathaT. brevignathaT. stelarobustaT. pallescensT. restrictaT. restrictaT. quasimodoT. quasimodoT. quasimodoT. quasimodoT. kamakouT. kamakouT. perreiraiT. pilosaN111111222233333344444465364643TetragnathaGeranium (pandemic) OGarboreum E. Maui sub-alpinemultiflorum E. Maui sub-alpine cuneatum Hawaii sub-alpine tridens E. Maui alpinehanaense E. Maui boghumile W. Maui bog kauaiense Kauai bogGeranium arboreumGeranium hanaenseGeranium cuneatumGeranium colonized“late” E. Maui andradiated and migratedspeciating most recentlyon Kauai with ecologicalcorrelations!Flora of Hawaii• inter-island biogeography - not all the same story!Flora of Hawaii• extinction: on-going process on islands (as well as immigration)• but due to humans . . .• 107 of 956 angiosperm species — 11% extinct• 423 of 956 species — 38% extinct or threatenedFlora of Hawaii• extinction: rogue gallery of exoticsPassiflora mollissima - banana pokaMiconia introduced intoHawaii as ornamentalMiconia calvescens“green cancer”Flora of Hawaii• extinction: rogue gallery of exoticsWhy the Hawaiian lobeliads? • largest group: 6 genera,115 species)• 1/9th of native flora• considered derived from3-5 separate colonizations• phenomenal variation inhabitat, life form, flowers,and fruitsHawaiian LobeliadsWhy the Hawaiian lobeliads? • appear to have co-evolved with the endemicHawaiian honeycreepersHawaiian LobeliadsWhy the Hawaiian lobeliads? • appear to have co-evolved with the endemicHawaiian honeycreepers• honeycreepers representa separate adaptiveradiationHawaiian LobeliadsLobelia gloria-montisLobelia telekii - Mt. KenyaWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsBrighamiiWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsDelissiaWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsTrematolobeliaWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsClermontiaWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsCyaneaWhat are the Hawaiian lobeliads? Hawaiian LobeliadsThe Hawaiian lobeliads represent a single lineage/colonization! Hawaiian LobeliadsThe Hawaiian lobeliads - more spectacular adaptive radiation Hawaiian LobeliadsRemarkable divergent andconvergent character evolution - butfruit color is perfectly consistent withrelationshipsHawaiian LobeliadsTwo clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian Island ages -place the differentiation of Hawaiianlobeliads at 13-14 myaHawaiian LobeliadsOriginal colonist arrived inLaPerouse/Gardner Pinnacles - largevolcanic islands 10-15 myaHawaiian LobeliadsTwo clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian Island ages -place the differentiation of Hawaiianlobeliads at 13-14 myaHawaiian LobeliadsTwo clock calibrations - using Asteridfossils or using Hawaiian