We will examine adaptive radiationsWe will examine adaptive radiationsin the context of the Hawaiian Islandsin the context of the Hawaiian IslandsAdaptive radiationsAdaptive radiationsAdaptive RadiationsHawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations““Getting there is half the problem . . .but then they canGetting there is half the problem . . .but then they can’’t go homet go homeagainagain””Sherwin Carlquist, 1965Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations““If one were to stand at the top of Mauna Loa, he could see all the climes of theIf one were to stand at the top of Mauna Loa, he could see all the climes of theworld at a single glance of the eyeworld at a single glance of the eye””Mark Twain, 1866Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations““Assume nothing in Hawaiian natural historyAssume nothing in Hawaiian natural history””Frank Howarth, 1992Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiationsMost remote island system in the worldMost remote island system in the world•• settled in 1st millenium by settled in 1st millenium byPolynesiansPolynesians•• made known to science by made known to science byCaptain Cook in 1778Captain Cook in 1778Hawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxauncharacteristic of their taxa•• around 1,000 species of flowering plants around 1,000 species of flowering plants•• 225 species of ferns and allies 225 species of ferns and alliesHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxauncharacteristic of their taxa•• nearly 5,800 species of insects nearly 5,800 species of insects•• 130 species of spiders 130 species of spidersKamehameha butterflyHappyface spiderHawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxauncharacteristic of their taxa•• 230 species of birds 230 species of birds•• 800 species of terrestrial molluscs 800 species of terrestrial molluscsLand snailsKauai O’oHawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxauncharacteristic of their taxa•• nono amphibians amphibians•• nono terrestrial mammals terrestrial mammalsHawaiian monk sealHawaiian batHawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: extinction on-going process both in past and presentHawaiian biota: extinction on-going process both in past and presentHawaiian honeycreepersExtinct snail, flightless duck, lobeliadHawaiian BiotaHawaiian Archipelago•• 132 islands, reefs, & shoals 132 islands, reefs, & shoals•• 2,580 km on SE-NW line 2,580 km on SE-NW line•• 99% of land lies on 8 main 99% of land lies on 8 mainislands near the islands near the hot spothot spotbelow Lobelow Lo’’ihiihiHawaiian Archipelago•• hot spot stationary relative to hot spot stationary relative toPacific Plate motionPacific Plate motion•• forms hot spot trace forms hot spot trace•• potassium-argon dating potassium-argon datingindicates oldest islands furthestindicates oldest islands furthestfrom hot spotfrom hot spot•• hot spot stationary relative to hot spot stationary relative toPacific Plate motionPacific Plate motionHawaiian Archipelago•• plate motion changed 43 mya plate motion changed 43 mya•• oldest seamounts subducted oldest seamounts subductedinto Aleutian Trenchinto Aleutian Trench•• plate motion changed 43 mya plate motion changed 43 mya43mya43myaHawaiian Archipelago•• Islands (and shoals) are simply Islands (and shoals) are simplyemergent tops of great underwateremergent tops of great underwatervolcanoesvolcanoes•• up to 10km above ocean floor up to 10km above ocean floorMauna LoaMauna LoaUSGS USGS ‘‘GLORIAGLORIA’’ side sonar side sonarHawaiian Archipelago•• actually double hot spot 30km apart actually double hot spot 30km apart•• LoLo’’ihi to Mauna Loaihi to Mauna Loa•• Kilauea to Mauna KeaKilauea to Mauna KeaHawaiiOahuHawaiian Archipelago•• progressively older ages of islands well known progressively older ages of islands well knownHawaiian Archipelago•• real estate signs on recent lava real estate signs on recent lavaflow (80 years) on Big Islandflow (80 years) on Big Island22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°KauaiPresentNihauKaulaOahuMauiLoihi SeamountMolokaiLanaiKahoolawe HawaiiHawaiian Archipelago22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°Kauai0.5 Million Years AgoNihoaNihauKaulaOahuMauiMahukonaHawaiian Archipelago22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°Kauai1 Million Years AgoNihoaNihauKaulaOahuMauiHawaiian Archipelago22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°Kauai2.5 Million Years AgoNihoaNihauKaulaOahuHawaiian Archipelago22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°NeckerKauai5 Million Years AgoNihoaNihauKaulaHawaiian Archipelago22°20°18°160° 158° 156° 154°Gardner PinnaclesLa Perouse PinnaclesNeckerNihoa7.5 Million Years AgoHawaiian ArchipelagoHilo (windward and wet) vs. Kona Coast in Hawaii (leeward and dry)Hawaiian Climate•• primary weather pattern is northeasterly trade winds primary weather pattern is northeasterly trade winds•• severe kona winds come from leeward side severe kona winds come from leeward sideHawaiian Climaterainfall patternsrainfall patterns•• tall mountains have dry summit (east tall mountains have dry summit (eastMaui)Maui)•• shorter mountains have extremely wet shorter mountains have extremely wetsummits (Kauai)summits (Kauai)•• steep, windward mountains (Oahu) have steep, windward mountains (Oahu) havewet summit but drier Pali cliffswet summit but drier Pali cliffsHawaiian Climaterainfall patternsrainfall patterns•• double mountain system (as in Oahu) double mountain system (as in Oahu)sets up complex rainfall gradient and asets up complex rainfall gradient and adiversity of ecosystemsdiversity of ecosystemsHawaiian Climaterainfall patternsrainfall patterns•• Wai Wai’’aleale’’ale on oldest (most eroded)ale on oldest (most eroded)island of Kauai is wettest spot in Hawaiiisland of Kauai is wettest spot in Hawaiiand