PSYC 110 Exam 3 Study Guide Lecture on chapter 13 Spearman s views on intelligence All intelligence test items are positively correlated he thought because they reflect the influence of overall intelligence He wasn t sure what produced the different G in individuals but suspected it had something to do with mental energy He proposed the existence of a factor called S or specific abilities which are unique to each individual general intelligence and specific abilities The triarchic model Analytical Intelligence reason logically Book smart Practical intelligence ability to solve real world problems Social and emotional Creative intelligence ability to find new and effective answers to problems Ex music art ect The Flynn Effect Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade o Increased test sophistication Not becoming smarter but more experienced in taking tests o Increased complexity of the modern world Forced to process more information more quickly than parents o Better nutrition This is affecting primarily the lower and not the upper part of the bell curve Nutrition is declining in the lower parts o Changes at home and school Families have become smaller allowing parents to devote more time to their children Terman s study Created Stanford Binet IQ test This was to establish a set of norms or baseline scores in the general population from which they can compare to other scores The IQ formula and the original purpose of IQ testing Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient IQ o Mental Age in Years Actual Age in Years x 100 IQ It is used to predict academic performance What is eugenics Eugenics movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce This prevented those with bad genes from reproducing Mental retardation intellectual disability IQ were below 70 These people have inadequate adaptive functioning and will affect how you are as an adult The more severe the mental retardation the less likely it is to run in families Reaction time vs intelligence Intelligence correlates negatively with reaction time people with high intelligence will have faster reaction Scores on working memory tasks are positively correlated with scores on intelligence tests Intelligence is more localized to certain areas of the cortex than others Ex analytical is in the frontal lobe Lecture on Chapter 10 The stages of prenatal development steps of development from zygote to baby Zygote sperm cell fertilizes an egg to produce this conception Germinal stage zygote divides forming the Blastoyst Cell continue to divide and becomes and embryo Embryonic stage the second to eighth week development of the limbs facial features and major organs heart lungs brain Fetal stage this is when the embryo becomes a fetus This is when they establish new structure building up more of what they have Difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics Primary Characteristics a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genital that distinguish the sexes Secondary sex Characteristics a sex differentiating characteristic that doesn t relate directly to reproduction such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men Motor development Motor behaviors are bodily motions that occur as result of self initiated force that moves the bones and muscles o Ex Sucking and rooting reflexes always achieved in the same developmental sequence Brian development starts developing after 18 days after fertilization Attachment period Critical period Sensitive Period o Learning to speak o Separation from attachment figures Konrad Lorenz he discovered that goslings seemed to follow around the first large moving object they saw after hatching Discovered imprinting Imprinting when someone or something becomes largely fixated on it and is unlikely to follow or bond with anything else o Ex harry harlow experiment This experiment was done with monkeys to show how they were attachment to certain object verses others Attachment styles Secure when departed the infant is upset but greets her in return with joy Insecure avoidant when departed the infant is indifferent and shows little reaction on her return Insecure anxious attachment when departed the infant panics and the emotions are mixed when she returns Disorganized attachment when departed and return have an inconsistent and confused set of responses Parenting styles Permissive parenting parents who are responsive to their children but lack rules and discipline Uninvolved parenting undemanding and unresponsive parents Authoritarian parenting strict rules harsh punishments and little warmth Authoritative parenting setting limits reasoning with kids and being responsive to their emotional needs Piaget s stages of development First to study cognitive development and identified stages towards adult like thinking Assimilation Absorbing new experiences into current schemas o Doesn t change current belief o Ex A child calls the cat a dog because it is furry and has four paws Accommodation When the new knowledge no longer fits beliefs o Changes current belief o Ex changes their belief that a cat is a cat and a dog is a dog Stages of development o Sensorimotor birth to 2 years o If you are not in front of them then you are not in their thoughts out of sight out of mind This is the lack of mental representation Preoperational 2 7 years o Symbolic behavior Language drawings objects Ex playing house imaginary friends o Mental representation Pretend imagination Ex imaginary friends o Egocentrism The world revolves around me kind of mind set Ex if you see a mountain then the other person can see it too o Cannot do mental transformations Ex they want the pennies because they think it is more than a quarter Concrete Operational 7 11 years o Can perform mental transformations and can have a conversation Formal Operational adolescence o Can reason in hypothetical situations and can have logical thinking o Ex what happen when we die What are teratogens o Teratogens an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on parental development Lecture on Chapter 13 conformity and obedience generally Changing one s behaviors and opinions because of others actions or beliefs Unanimity increased conformity o If they all said the wrong answer you are more likely to conform Lower conformity when one other person differed from the majority o If not everyone agrees then