Job Characteristics ModelJob Characteristics Model (cont)The Job Characteristics ModelExamples of High and Low Job Characteristics“JCM” & Assembly Line ApplicationPowerPoint PresentationNeed Theories of MotivationAssumptions of Maslow’s TheoryMaslow’s HierarchyMaslow’s Hierarchy (ContinuedJob Characteristics Model •Task Identity–Extent to which employees complete a whole, identifiable piece of work•Job Feedback–Extent to which completing a task provides clear & timely performance feedback•Autonomy–Extent of freedom and discretion available to determine how to perform the jobJob Characteristics Model (cont)•Skill Variety –Extent to which job requires a range of competencies and abilities•Task Significance–Extent to which employees impact others and the companyPrentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 15 3Personaland WorkOutcomesCore JobDimensionsCriticalPsychologicalStatesThe Job Characteristics ModelSkill varietyTask identifyTask significanceExperiencedmeaningfulnessof the workExperiencedresponsibilityfor outcomesof the workKnowledge of theactual results ofthe work activitiesAutonomyFeedbackHigh internalwork motivationHigh-qualitywork performanceHigh satisfactionwith the workLow absenteeismand turnoverEmployee GrowthNeed StrengthPrentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 15 4Characteristics ExamplesSkill Variety• High variety The owner-operator of a garage who does electrical repair, rebuilds engines,does body work, and interacts with customers• Low variety A bodyshop worker who sprays paint eight hours a dayTask Identity• High identity A cabinetmaker who designs a pieces of furniture, selects the wood, builds the object, and finishes it to perfection• Low identity A worker in a furniture factory who operates a lathe to make table legsTask Significance• High significance Nursing the sick in a hospital intensive care unit• Low significance Sweeping hospital floorsAutonomy• High autonomy A telephone installer who schedules his or her own work for the day, and decides on the best techniques for a particular installation• Low autonomy A telephone operator who must handle calls as they come according to a routine, highly specified procedureFeedback• High feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it todetermine if it operates properly• Low feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then routes it to a quality control inspector who tests and adjusts it Examples of High and Low Job Characteristics“JCM” & Assembly Line Application•Changes in management philosophy?•Changes in how the work was done?•Outcomes for the organization?•Outcomes for the employees & managers?Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 6 6Theory XTheory XWorkersWorkersDislike WorkDislike WorkAvoid ResponsibilityAvoid ResponsibilityLittle AmbitionLittle AmbitionTheory YTheory YWorkersWorkersEnjoy WorkEnjoy WorkAccept ResponsibilityAccept ResponsibilitySelf-DirectedSelf-DirectedNeed Theories of Motivation•Maslow’s Hierarchy•Mclelland’s Theory of Needs (read these)–Achievement–Power–AffiliationAssumptions of Maslow’s Theory•Five needs arranged in a hierarchy–Lower order needs•Similar to hygiene factors–Higher order needs•Similar to motivator factors•Unfulfilled needs motivate behavior–Start at the bottom and move upMaslow’s Hierarchy•Physiological–Basic needs (food & shelter) satisfied through wages•Security–Basic protection from threats:safe working conditions, job security (move to employability based security)•Social–Feeling welcomed, part of the group or organizationMaslow’s Hierarchy (Continued•Esteem–Feeling your work is appreciated by others; Recognition from others•Awards, public recognition•Informal recognition, communicating that a job is well done•Self-Actualization–Achieving one’s potential–Doing work that is of critical importance to you –Self-development & growth is being