Groupthink When group members striving for agreement norm for unanimity fail to realistically appraise alternative courses of action A means for a group to protect its positive image extremely high in cohesion Groupthink video Identify factors that may lead to groupthink Identify symptoms of groupthink Identify methods to minimize groupthink Antecedents of Groupthink Factors that may lead to groupthink High levels of cohesion Stressful decision making context External pressure Tight budgets Recent failures Symptoms of Groupthink Illusion of unanimity false consensus Silence implies agreement I m not going to call for a vote I think we are all in agreement here We ve decided Challenger example Self censorship Not speaking up feeling of tension caused by pressure to be silent internally wanting to speak up I had a few objections but since everybody seems committed I won t bring them up Symptoms of Groupthink cont Illusion of invulnerability Rationalization Our strategy has worked in the past odds are it will again We are the best military in the world what do we have to worry about Mindguards No need for you to be at the meeting I ll summarize your concerns for the board Ways to Minimize Groupthink Avoid isolating the group Bring in outside experts JFK example Critical evaluators Devil s advocate Role is to question assumptions and uncontested information Open climate Leader invites and accepts divergent thinking Avoid being directive Strong leaders speak last or sometimes not at all JFK example
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