Working memoryTraditional Model of MemoryWhat is short-term memory (STM) for?Working memory: Conceptual BackgroundSlide 5Temporary storageRaven testRaven test: (Carpenter, Just, & Shell, 1990)Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12DemonstrationTask 1Task 2:Slide 16Temporary storage of informationComputer metaphorDo we have RAM (Working memory)?Operation Span Experiment (CogLab CD)Baddeley’s dual task experimentsSlide 22HypothesisBaddeley’s experiments:Slide 25Design:Tasks:Slide 28Experimental ConditionSlide 30Control ConditionSlide 32What is the difference between the two conditions?Why is this difference important?What is the implication of these, given the experimental design?Dependent Measure:So what?Slide 38Baddeley’s hypothesis:Results:Interpretations:Slide 42Encoding format of working memorySlide 44Slide 45Slide 46Verbalization hampers the task performanceWorking memory (Baddeley, 1986, 1992)Slide 49Working memory and learning new words in childrenSlide 51Slide 52Slide 53Working memoryTraditional Model of Memory•Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) 3 Stage ModelInformation Processing Model StimuliSensory registersShort Term Memory (STM)Long Term Memory (LTM)What is short-term memory (STM) for?•Is STM for transferring information to long-term memory (LTM)?•Is it a passive terminal for information transfer?Working memory: Conceptual BackgroundWorking memory•STM is a temporary storage of information.•STM is a temporary buffer (control center) of information.–Temporary storage•Questions:–From New York to Pittsburgh, it takes about 7hours and 30 minutes by car. From Pittsburgh to Chicago, it takes about 8hours and 30 minutes by car. How long does it take from New York to Chicago, if you want to drive through Pittsburgh? Easy Ah? –Tom is taller than Jane. Jane is shorter than Steve. Lisa is taller than Steve and Tom. And Steve is shorter than Tom. Is Jane shorter than Tom?Raven testRaven test: (Carpenter, Just, & Shell, 1990)(2 x 6) -10 =?3 + 4 +3 x 3 =?•Do the following calculations while you keep pronouncing “the, the,…”(3 x 5) -10 =?2 + 5 - 3 x 3 =?DemonstrationTask 1–Find the answer to the following question as quickly and accurately as possible.Lucy came before Jane. Kathy arrived after Jane. Suzy came before Lucy. Who came first?Who came second?Task 2:–Find the answer to the following question as quickly and accurately as possible. While you are looking for the question, please keep saying “the-the-the-the….”Tom arrived after Steve. John came before Steve. Mike arrived before John.Who came first?Who came second?•Bill went to dinner and met Jane. They decide to share their French Fries and coke. After the dinner, they left the cafeteria and spend some time in a library together. After going over some review notes for their Sociology class, they went to the movies together. Later, Steve saw Jane sitting in a lounge and talking with Bill. Are Bill and Jane friends?Temporary storage of information •How do we solve these questions?•In order to answer these questions, you need temporary storage of information.–STM working memory•Working memory  a buffer for information manipulationComputer metaphor•Working memory  Random Access Memory (RAM)–128MB•Long-term memory–Hard disk, Zip disk•After shutting down your computer, you lose the information stored in RAM.•But the infor. stored in your hard disk is OK.Do we have RAM (Working memory)?•Do we have working memory as we have RAM in our computer?Operation Span Experiment (CogLab CD)Baddeley’s dual task experiments•Test the idea that short-term memory is not just for transferring information to LTM.•It is for a working buffer (to manipulate information) for many cognitive activities.Working memory•If there is something called “working memory”, what is it?•How does it encode and manipulate information?•How does it transfer information to LTM?•What is the capacity? (128MB?)Hypothesis We use Short-term memory for Working memoryBaddeley’s experiments:•Procedure 1 (control condition):–The subject was given items to remember (e.g., a sequence of numbers or letters)–The subject report the item given in the first task (recalling).–The subject carried out a cognitive task (e.g., verifying a sentence)•Procedure 2 (Experimental condition):–The subject was given items to remember (e.g., a sequence of numbers or letters)–The subject carried out a cognitive task (e.g., verifying a sentence)–The subject report the item given in the first task (recalling).•(Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)Design:Control conditionMemory encodingMemory retrieval (recall)A sentence verification taskMemory encodingMemory retrieval (recall)A sentence verification taskExperimental conditionTasks:•Memory task:–Briefly present a list of digits (414321090) to the subject.–The subject recalls the digits as accurately as possible.•Sentence verification task:–A is preceded by B. AB?  yes/no–C follows D. DC?  yes/noExperimental ConditionMemorize756923A is preceded by B. AB Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize182732D comes before C. CD Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize094722D is ahead of A. DA Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize672392Q follows J. QJYes or No?Recall the numberMemorize108223B is before T. TB Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize33598E appears before O OE Yes or No?Recall the numberControl ConditionMemorize238646T is preceded by I. IT Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize521890D comes before U. UD Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize122649D is ahead of O. DO Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize589886Q follows N. NQYes or No?Recall the numberMemorize332189B is before Y. YB Yes or No?Recall the numberMemorize443284E appears after C CE Yes or No?Recall the numberWhat is the difference between the two conditions?•The memory task is divided by the verification task in the experimental condition.•The memory task is not divided by the verification task in the control condition.Why is this difference important?•Test:–Short-term memory is used as working memory.What is the implication of these, given the experimental design?•In the experimental condition, –you need to hold memory items in your short-term memory while answering the verification questions.•In the control condition, –you don’t need to store memory items while answering the verification questions.Dependent Measure:•Accuracy/response time for