MicroeconomicsTopic 8 “Apply principles of consumer/producer surplusto explain efficient level of production and sales in a market.”Reference: Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Microeconomics, 2nd edition, Chapter 7.Consumer SurplusConsumer surplus is the buyer's net gain from purchasing a good. Put another way, it isthe excess of what a buyer would have been willing to pay for a good over what heactually had to pay for that good. Graphically, it is the area below the demand curve,above the price, and left of the quantity bought.For example, you might be willing, if you had to, to pay $20 to make an important phonecall. If the price you actually have to pay for that phone call is $1, then you earnconsumer surplus of $19 when you make the call.Figure 2.1 PriceDemandQuantity987612 34A: $3 of CSB: $2 of CSC: $1 of CSD: $0 of CSTotal CS=3+2+1=$6In figure 2.1, we suppose there are 4 consumers: A, B, C, and D. A is willing to pay $9for one unit of the good. B will pay $8, C will pay $7, and D will pay $6. If the marketprice of the good is $6 per unit, then A earns consumer surplus of $3, since he waswilling to pay $9, but only had to pay $6. Similarly, B earns $2 of consumer surplus(CS), and C earns $1 of CS. Customer D, the so-called "marginal" consumer, is willing topay $6 for a unit, but since the market price is $6, D gets no consumer surplus.In practice, consumer surplus is pictured as in figure 2.2, as the area below the demandcurve, above the price, and left of the quantity bought.Figure 2.2PriceQuantityDemand$710Consumer Surplus CS=(6x10)/2=$30when price P=$7.$13$414When price P falls to $4, existingconsumers gain (3x10)=$30 of CSWhen price P falls to $4, new consumers gain (3x4)/2=$6 of CSFigure 2.2 shows that when price is $7, consumer surplus is $30 (the yellow area). If theprice falls to $4, existing consumers save $3 per unit on the 10 units they were alreadybuying, for a gain of $30 (green) in consumer surplus. In addition, 4 more units are soldto buyers who wouldn't have wanted the good for $7, but who do want it for $4. Thesebuyers gain $6 (blue) of consumer surplus when price falls from $7 to $4.Producer SurplusProducer surplus is the seller's net gain from selling a good. Alternatively, we could say itis the excess of what a seller is paid for a good above what he would have barely beenwilling to accept for it. Graphically, it is the area above the supply curve, below the price,and left of the quantity sold.Example: A seller sells a good for a price of $7. It costs him $4 to produce the good, so$4 is the lowest price he would be willing to accept. He earns producer surplus of $3.Figure 2.3PriceQuantitySupply123412 34A: $3 of PSB: $2 of PSC: $1 of PSD: $0 of PSIn Figure 2.3, we imagine 4 sellers: A, B, C, and D. A would barely be willing to sell aunit of the good for $1, but if the going price of the good is $4, A earns producer surplus(PS) of $3. B would sell for $2, but since he charges $4 he earns PS of $2. C earns PS of$1, while D, the “marginal” seller, earns zero PS, since he is barely willing to sell for thegoing price of $4.Figure 2.4PriceQuantity8 12710SupplyProducer Surplus PS=(5x8)/2=$20 whenprice P=$7When Price rises to $10,existing sellers gain3x8=$24When Price rises to $10,new sellers gain (3x4)/2=$62In Figure 2.4, we see that at a price of $7, producer surplus is $20 (blue). If the price risesto $10, then existing sellers gain (3x8)=$24 each (yellow), while new sellers gain(3x4)/2=$6 (green).The Efficient Level of Production in a MarketThe efficient level of production is the quantity of output that results in the highest totalsurplus, which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.Figure 2.5PriceQuantityABCDSupplyDemand$126 1015$7=value to last buyer$16=cost to last sellerFEDeadweight loss fromunderproduction=B+DDeadweight loss fromoverproduction=E+FFigure 2.5 shows the relative efficiency of different levels of production. At theequilibrium output of 10 units, consumer surplus is given by areas A + B (green + blue).Producer surplus is given by areas C+D (yellow + purple).Now suppose that output is reduced from 10 to 6 units, while the price remains the same.Consumer surplus is reduced to area A. (Recall that CS is the area below demand, aboveprice, and left of the quantity bought.) Similarly, producer surplus is reduced to area C.Thus, total surplus is reduced to area A+C, and society suffers a deadweight loss equal toB+D (blue+purple), which is the loss in total surplus when production falls below theequilibrium quantity.Conclusion: the equilibrium output level is economically superior to any lower outputlevel. Producing less than the equilibrium quantity is inefficient because total surplus isreduced. Put differently, at output levels below equilibrium, consumers’ willingness topay for an extra unit of the good exceeds the sellers’ cost of producing an extra unit of thegood. So from a welfare standpoint, more of the good should be produced.It is also possible to produce too much. Suppose that output rises from 10 to 15. At Q=15,the height of the demand curve is $7, while the height of the supply curve is $16. Thismeans that it costs $16 to produce a unit that buyers value at only $7. The 15th unit thuscreated a loss of (16-7)=$9. Consumer surplus falls by the area F --where the price of $12is above their willingness to pay for an extra unit of the good-- and producer surplus fallsby the area E --where the price of $12 lies below their cost of producing an extra unit ofthe good. The deadweight loss of the excess production is measured by areas E+F(orange), which is the loss in total surplus when production rises above the equilibriumquantity.Conclusion: the equilibrium output level is economically superior to any higher outputlevel. Producing more than the equilibrium quantity is inefficient because total surplus isreduced. Put differently, at output levels above equilibrium, the sellers’ cost of producingan extra unit of the good exceeds consumers’ willingness to pay for an extra unit of thegood. So from a welfare standpoint, less of the good should be