THE SKELETONIntroductionSlide 3IntroductionPowerPoint PresentationTHE SKULLThe SkullThe Skull: IntroductionSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Overview of Skull GeographyVaultCranial BaseCavities of the SkullStudy NoteCraniumFrontal boneFrontal bone - landmarksParietal bonesParietal bones - landmarksOccipital boneOccipital bone - Ext. landmarksOccipital bone - Int. landmarksTemporal BoneSlide 26Temporal Bone - landmarksSlide 28Temporal bones - landmarksSlide 30Sphenoid boneSphenoid - landmarksEthmoid boneEthmoid bone - landmarksSlide 35Facial bonesMandibleMandible - landmarksMaxillary boneMaxillary bones - landmarksSlide 41Slide 42Zygomatic bonesNasal bonesLacrimal BonesSlide 46Palatine bonesPalatine bones - landmarksVomerVomer - landmarksInferior Nasal ConchaeInferior Nasal Conchae - LandmarkThe OrbitsSlide 54Nasal cavitySlide 56Slide 57Paranasal sinusesParanasal sinusesSlide 60Hyoid boneHyoid boneTHE VERTEBRAL COLUMNVertebral Column: General CharacteristicsGeneral CharacteristicsRegional CharacteristicsClinical deviationsClinical deviationsSlide 69Slide 70Characteristics - LigamentsSlide 72Intervertebral DiscsCharacteristics - discsGeneral structure of vertebraeSlide 76General structureRegional Characteristic: CervicalCervical Vertebrae C1 and C2Cervical Vertebrae C1Slide 81Cervical Vertebrae C2Regional Characteristic: CervicalRegional Characteristic: ThoracicSlide 85Regional Characteristic: LumbarSlide 87SacrumSacralSlide 90CoccyxThe Bony ThoraxFunctions of The Bony ThoraxThe SternumBony ThoraxBony Thorax - continuedSternumThorax to Vertebral ColumnRibsSlide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103The Appendicular SkeletonTHE SKELETONCHAPTER 7Introduction A strong, yet light, internal support for the human bodyThe skeleton is adapted for the protection, locomotor, and manipulative functions The upright stance increases the ability of the skeletal muscle to resist gravityIntroduction The skeleton maintains its upright position through a series of compensating curvesThe skeleton accounts for approximately 20% of the body massThe 206 bones of the body are grouped into the axial and appendicular skeletonIntroductionAxial skeletonForms the long axis of the body80 bones in three major regions–skull–vertebral column–bony thorax•Ribs•Sternum Appendicular Bones of upper & lower extremities and girdles126 bones in three major regions–Girdles•Shoulder girdle•Pelvic girdle–upper extremity–lower extremityTHE SKULLSECTION IThe SkullThe skull is the body’s most complex bony structureIt is formed by two sets of bones, the 8 cranial bones and the 14 facial bonesThese 22 bones combine to form the cranial cavity and the facial features In addition, there are 3 bones in each inner ear to assist in sound transmissionThe Skull: IntroductionThe bones of the skull provide . . . –A case to house the brain, the cranium–A framework for the face–Cavities to house the organs of sight, taste, and smell–Passages for air and food–Attachment sites for the teeth–Attachment sites for muscleThe Skull: IntroductionMost bones of the skull are flat bonesExcept for the mandible, all bones are firmly united by interlocking suturesThe major sutures of the skull are . . .–Coronal (Between Frontal & Parietal)–Sagittal (Between Parietal bones) –Squamosal (Between Parietal & Temporal)–Lambdoidal (Between Parietal & Occipital)Other skull sutures connect facial bones and are named after these structures________________________________________________SagittalSagittalCoronalCoronalLambdoidLambdoidSquamousSquamousOverview of Skull GeographyFacial bones form the anterior aspectThe cranial bones enclose the brainVaultThe cranial vault or calvaria forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of skullThe cranial base forming the inferior aspect of skullCranial BaseCranial base forms the skull’s inferior aspectThree prominent ridges divide the base into fossaeThe brain rests on these cranial fossae completely enclosed by the cranial vaultThe brain occupies the cranial cavityCavities of the SkullIn addition to the large cranial cavity there are many smaller cavities–Middle and inner ear cavities–Nasal cavity–Orbits of the eyes–Several bones contain air filled sinuses•Sinuses surrounding the nasal cavity are referred to as the paranasal sinusesStudy NoteAs you read about the bones of the skull, locate each bone on the different skull views in Figures 7.2, 7.3, 7.4The skull bones and their important markings and features are summarized in Table 7.1 on pages 213-214CraniumThe 8 cranial bones include; 2 parietal, 2 temporal frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoidCranium is self- bracing allowing the bones to be thin, yet strongFrontal boneForms the anterior portion of the cranium, the forehead, roofs of the orbits, and most of the anterior cranial fossaFrontal bone - landmarks Frontal squamaSupraorbital marginsSupraorbital foramenOrbitsAnterior cranial fossaGlabellaFrontal sinusesParietal bonesForms most of the superior & lateral aspects of the skullArticulates with other cranial bones to form four major suturesParietalParietalParietal bones - landmarksThe four largest sutures cranial sutures, Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdodial, SquamosalOccipital boneForms most of the posterior wall and base of skullArticulates with parietal & temporalJoins w/ sphenoid in the cranial floorForms internal walls of posterior cranial fossaOccipital bone - Ext. landmarksForamen magnum, Occipital condyles, External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines, External occipital crestOccipital bone - Int. landmarksHypoglossal canal, Posterior cranial fossaTemporal BoneForms the infero-lateral aspects of the skullParts of the cranial floorDivided into four regions; squamous tympanic, mastoid, and petrous-(int)Temporal BoneThe internal petrous region contributes to the cranial baseThe petrous region and the sphenoid bone form the middle cranial fossaTemporal Bone - landmarksZygomatic process–Meets the zygomatic bone–Forms the cheekMandibular fossa–Receives condyle of mandibleTemporal Bone - landmarksExternal Auditory Meatus–Middle and inner earStyloid process–Muscle of tongueMastoid process–Muscles of neckTemporal bones - landmarksJugular foramen–Entry point for the Jugular artery Internal acoustic meatus–Entry point for the auditory