The Peripheral Nervous SystemIntroductionSlide 3PowerPoint PresentationSlide 5Nerves and Associated GangliaSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Sensory ReceptorsPeripheral Sensory ReceptorsSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Classification by LocationSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Classification by Stimulus DetectedSlide 23Slide 24Classification by StructureAdaptation of Sensory ReceptorsFree Dendritic EndingsSlide 28Merkel DiscsMerkel CellsSlide 31Root Hair PlexusesSlide 33Encapsulated Dendritic EndingsSlide 35Meissner’s CorpusclesSlide 37Slide 38Krause’s End BulbsPacinian CorpusclePacinian CorpusclesSlide 42Ruffini’s CorpuscleSlide 44ProprioceptorsSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Muscle SpindlesSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Golgi Tendon OrgansSlide 61Slide 62Slide 63Joint Kinesthetic ReceptorsSlide 65Slide 66Slide 67Innervation of Skeletal MuscleSlide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Innervation of Visceral MuscleSlide 80Slide 81Innervation of Cardiac MuscleCranial NervesLocation of Cranial NervesSlide 85Olfactory Nerve: IOptic Nerves: IIOculomotor Nerve: IIITrochlear Nerves: IVTrigeninal Nerves: VAbducens Nerves: VIFacial Nerves: VIIVestibulocochlear Nerves: VIIIGlossopharyngealVagus Nerves: XAccessary Nerves: XIHypoglossal Nerves: XIIDistribution of Spinal NervesSlide 99Innervation of the BackSlide 101Slide 102Dorsal & ventral ramiSlide 104Innervation of Body RegionsSlide 106Slide 107Innervation of Thorax & AbdomemCervical Plexus and the NeckSlide 110Brachial Plexus and Upper LimbSlide 112Slide 113Slide 114Slide 115Slide 116Slide 117Slide 118Axillary NerveSlide 120Musculocutaneous NerveSlide 122Median NerveSlide 124Ulnar NerveSlide 126Radial NerveSlide 128Lumbosacral PlexusLumbar Plexus and Lower LimbFemoral NerveSlide 132Obturator NerveSlide 134Sacral Plexus and Lower LimbSlide 136Sciatic NerveSlide 138Tibial NerveSlide 140Common Peroneal NerveSlide 142Sarcal Plexus NervesInnervation of the JointsInnervation of Skin: DesmatomesSlide 146Slide 147End of ChapterReflex ActivitySlide 150Components of a Reflex ArcSlide 152Spinal ReflexesStretch and Deep Tendon ReflexesAnatomy of Muscle SpindleSlide 156Slide 157Slide 158Slide 159Slide 160The Stretch ReflexSlide 162Slide 163Slide 164Slide 165Slide 166Slide 167The Deep Tendon ReflexSlide 169Slide 170Slide 171The Flexor Withdrawal ReflexThe Crossed Extensor ReflexSlide 174Superficial ReflexesSlide 176Slide 177Regeneration of Nerve FibersSlide 179Slide 180Slide 181Slide 182Slide 183Slide 184Slide 185Sensory Receptor PotentialsThe Peripheral Nervous SystemChapter 14IntroductionThe CNS would be useless without a means of sensing our own internal as well as the external environmentsIn addition, we need a means by which we can effect our external environmentThe peripheral nervous system provides these links to the CNSIntroductionThe peripheral nervous system includes all the neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord –Sensory receptors–Peripheral nerves and their ganglia–Efferent motor endingsIntroductionBasic components of the PNS Sensory components provide the information interpreted by the CNSMotor components stimulate the effectors of the CNSThe CNS commands; the PNS actsNerves and Associated GangliaA nerve is a cordlike organ that is part of the peripheral nervous systemEvery nerve consists of parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissueNerves and Associated GangliaWithin a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a delicate layer of loose connective tissue called endoneuriumThe endoneurium layer also encloses the fiber’s associated myelin sheathNerves and Associated GangliaGroups of fibers are bound into bundles or fascicles by a courser connective tissue wrapping called the perineuriumAll the fascicles are enclosed by a tough fibrous sheath called the epineurium to form a nerveNerves and Associated GangliaNeurons are actually only a small fraction of the nerveThe balance is myelin, the protective connective tissue wrappings, blood vessels, and lymphatic vesselsNerves and Associated GangliaNerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses–Nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers are called mixed nerves–Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are sensory (afferent) nerves–Nerves that carry impulses only away from the CNS are motor (efferent) nervesMost nerves are mixed as purely sensory or motor nerves are extremely rareNerves and Associated GangliaSince mixed nerves often carry both somatic and autonomic (visceral) nervous system fibers, the fibers within them may be classified further according to the region they innervate as–Somatic afferent–Somatic efferent–Visceral afferent–Visceral efferentNerves and Associated GangliaPeripheral nerves are generally classified on whether they arise from the brain or spinal cord as–Cranial nerves / brain and brain stem–Spinal nerves / spinal cordGanglia are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS–Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons–Ganglia associated with efferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of autonomic neurons, as well as a variety of integrative neuronsSensory ReceptorsSensory receptors are structures that are specialized to respond to changes in their environmentSuch environmental changes are called stimuliTypically activation of a sensory receptor by an adequate stimulus results in depolarization or graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses along the afferent fibers coursing to the CNSPeripheral Sensory ReceptorsPeripheral sensory receptors are structures that pick up sensory stimuli and then initiate signals in the sensory axonsMost receptors fit into two main categories;–Dendritic endings of sensory neurons–Complete receptor cellsPeripheral Sensory ReceptorsDendritic endings of sensory neurons monitor most types of general sensory information (touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and proprioception)Peripheral Sensory ReceptorsComplete receptor cells are specialized epithelial cells or small neurons that transfer sensory information to sensory neuronsSpecialized receptor cells monitor most types of special sensory information (taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium)Sensory ReceptorsSensory receptors are classified