The Respiratory SystemIntroductionSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Respiratory SystemSlide 9The NoseSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20The Paranasal SinusesThe PharynxThe NasopharynxSlide 24The OropharynxSlide 26The LaryngopharynxSlide 28The LarynxSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35The Vocal FoldsSlide 37Vocal FoldsVoice ProductionSlide 40Sphincter Functions of LarynxThe TracheaThe Tracheal WallSlide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54The Conducting ZoneSlide 56Conducting Zone: Bronchial TreeSlide 58Slide 59The Respiratory ZoneSlide 61The Respiratory MembraneSlide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66The LungSlide 68Slide 69Slide 70The PlueraEnd of MaterialThe Respiratory SystemChapter 23IntroductionThe trillions of cells making up the body require a continuous supply of oxygen to carry out vita functionsWe can survive only a few minutes without oxygenAs cells use oxygen, they give off carbon dioxide a waste product of cellular respirationIntroductionThe major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxideTo achieve this function four distinct processes, collectively called respiration occur–Pulmonary ventilation–External respiration–Transport of respiratory gases–Internal respirationIntroductionPulmonary ventilation–Air must be moved in and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continually changed and refreshed–This air movement is commonly called ventilation or breathingIntroductionExternal respiration–Gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading) between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs must occurIntroductionTransport of respiratory gases–Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported between the lungs and tissue cells of the body–This is accomplished by the cardiovascular system, which uses blood as the transporting fluidIntroductionInternal respiration–At systemic capillaries, gas exchanges (oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading) must be made between the blood and tissue cellsRespiratory SystemThe organs of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungsRespiratory SystemFunctionally, the respiratory system consists of the respiratory and the conducting zones–The respiratory zone, the actual site of gas exchange, is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli–The conducting zone includes all other respiratory passageways, which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange–Organs of the conducting zone clean, warm and humidify the incoming airThe NoseThe nose is the only visible part of the respiratory systemThe external framework of the noseThe NoseThe functions of the nose include–Providing an airway for respiration–Moistening and warming entering air–Filtering inspired air and cleansing it of foreign matter–Serving as a resonating chamber for speech–Housing the olfactory receptorsThe NoseThe structures of the nose are divided into the–External nose–Nasal cavitySurface features–Root (between eyes)–Bridge–Dorsum nasi–Apex–Philtrum–External nares–AlaeThe NoseThe nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the external noseDuring breathing air enters the external cavity by passing through the external nares or nostrilsThe nasal cavity is divided by a midline nasal septumThe nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the internal naresThe NoseThe roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skullThe floor is formed by the palate which separates it from the oral cavity belowAnteriorly, where the palate is supported by the maxillary processes and the palatine bones is considered the hard palateThe unsupported posterior portion is the muscular soft palateThe NoseThe vestibule is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair folliclesThe hair or vibrissae filter coarse particles from inspired airThe NoseThe nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucous membraneThe olfactory mucosa, lining the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity, contain the receptors for the sense of smellThe balance of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa which is made up of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, containing scattered goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with mucous and serous glandsThe NoseEach day the mucous glands secrete about a quart of sticky mucous containing lysozyme, an antibacterial enzymeThe mucous traps inspired dust, bacteria and other debris, while lysozyme attacks and destroys bacteria chemicallyThe epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa also secrete defensins, natural antibotics that help to get rid of invading microbesThe NoseThe ciliated cells of the respiratory mucosa create a gentle current that moves the sheet of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat where it is swallowed and digested by stomach juicesThese ciliated cells become sluggish in cold weather allowing mucus to accumulate in the nasal cavity where it “runs” on a cold dayThe NoseA rich plexus of thin walled veins underlies the nasal epithelium and warms the incoming air as it flows across the mucosal surfaceBlood flow increases when the weather turns coldBecause of its superficial location and the extent of vessels, nosebleeds are common and often profuseThe NoseProtruding medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are three mucosa-covered projections, the superior, middle and inferior conchaeThe conchae serve to increase nasal turbulence in the nasal cavityMucus/sneezeThe Paranasal SinusesThe nasal cavity is surround by sinuses located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bonesThey function to–Produce mucus–Lighten the skull–Warm the air–Voice resonanceThe PharynxThe funnel shaped pharynx (throat) connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus inferiorlyIt serves as a common pathway for food and airThe pharynx extends for about 5 inches from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebraeIts three regions are nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynxThe NasopharynxThe nasopharynx lies above