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U of M HLTH 2030 - BONES AND BONE TISSUES

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BONES AND BONE TISSUESIntroductionSKELETAL CARTILAGESSkeletal CartilagesBasic structure, type & locationBasic structure, type & locationCartilagesHyaline cartilagesHyaline cartilage locationsElastic cartilageFibrocartilageGrowth of cartilageFUNCTION OF BONESBonesFunction of Bones:Function of BonesFunction of BoneSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20CLASSIFICATION OF BONEClassification of Bone:Classification of BonesClassification: Long BoneClassification: Short BonesClassification: Flat BonesClassification: Irregular BoneBONE STRUCTUREGross AnatomyDiaphysisEpiphysisBlood VesselsMedullary cavityMembranesShort, Irregular and Flat BonesHematopoietic TissueHematopoietic Tissue (con’t)Compact BoneCompact boneAn OsteonSlide 41Perforating (Volkmann’s) CanalSlide 43Spongy BoneChemical Composition of BoneSlide 46Bone MarkingsSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Bone DevelopmentFormation of the Bony SkeletonSlide 67Intramembranous OssificationSlide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Endochondral OssificationSlide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Postnatal Bone GrowthGrowth in Length of Long BonesLong Bone GrowthLong Bone Growth and RemodelingGrowth and RemodelingBone Anatomy and StressHealing of a Bone FractureBONES AND BONE TISSUESCHAPTER 6IntroductionOne of the most remarkable tissues of the human bodyFar from inert and lifeless, bones are living, dynamic structuresBones serve a wide variety of very diverse functions within usNoted for their strength and resiliency during life, bones will remain after we are long goneSKELETAL CARTILAGESSECTION ISkeletal CartilagesInitially our skeleton is made up of cartilages and fibrous membranesGradually our skeletal cartilages are replaced by boneUpon reaching adulthood the skeleton becomes almost fully ossifiedOnly a few cartilages remain in the adult skeletonBasic structure, type & locationA skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissueEach type contains a high proportion of water which makes them resilientCartilage has no nerves or blood supplyIt is surrounded by a dense tissue membrane called a perichondriumBasic structure, type & location There are three types of cartilage tissue: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilageEach contains a matrix of jellylike ground substance and fibersCartilagesHyaline cartilagesThe most prevalent type of cartilage Its high proportion of collagen fibers give it flexibility and resilience while providing supportUpon examination the tissue appears white, frosted, and smoothHyaline cartilage locationsArticular - covers the end of bonesCostal - connect ribs to breastboneLaryngeal - skeleton of larynxTracheal & bronchial - reinforce the respiratory passagesNasal - support the external noseElastic cartilageElastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibersIts elastic fibers enable it to withstand repeated bendingFound only in the external ear and the epiglottisFibrocartilageThe tissue contains parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibersTissue is highly compressible and has great tensile strengthFound in thick pad-like structures like the menisci of the knee or the discs of the vertebral columnGrowth of cartilageCartilage grows in two waysAppositional growth occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue (growth from the outside)Interstitial growth occurs when the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage (growth from within)FUNCTION OF BONESSECTION IIBonesBones of the skeleton are organs that contain several different tissuesBones are dominated by bone tissue but also contain –Nervous tissue and nerves–Blood tissue and vessels–Cartilage in articular cartilages–Epithelial tissue lining the blood vesselsFunction of Bones:Bones perform several important functions:–Support–Protection –Movement–Mineral storage –Blood cell formationFunction of BonesSupportBones provide a hard framework that supports the body Bones provide support for internal organsFunction of BoneProtectionFused bones provide a brain case that protects this vital tissueSpinal cord is surrounded by vertebraeRib cage protects vital organsFunction of BoneMovementSkeletal muscle attached to bones use the bones as levers to move the bodyArrangement of bones and joints determine the movements possibleFunction of BonesMineral StorageBone serves as a mineral reservoirPhosphate and calcium ions can be released into the blood steam for distributionDeposition and removal are ongoingFunction of BonesBlood cell formationHematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of the long bonesThe majority of hematopoiesis occurs in bonesCLASSIFICATION OF BONESECTION IIIClassification of Bone:Bones vary in shape and sizeThe unique shape of each bone fulfills a particular needBones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular boneBones differ in the distribution of compact and spongy osseous tissuesClassification of BonesClassification:Long BoneLong bones have a long shaft and two distinct endsClassification is based on shape not sizeCompact bone on exterior w/ spongy inner bone marrowClassification:Short BonesShort bones are roughly cubelikeThin compact bone layer surrounding spongy bone massShort bones are often carpal, tarsal and sesamoid bonesClassification:Flat BonesFlat bones are thin, flattened and usually curvedParallel layer of compact bone with spongy bone layer betweenSkull, sternum and ribs are examplesClassification:Irregular BoneIrregular bones don’t fit into the previous categoriesComplicated shapesConsist of spongy bone with a thin layer of compactExamples are hip bones & vertabraeBONE STRUCTURESECTION IVGross AnatomyLandmarks on a typical long bone–Diaphysis –Epiphysis–MembranesMembranes–Periosteum–EndosteumDiaphysisLong tubular diaphysis is the shaft of the boneCollar of compact bone surrounds a central medullary or marrow cavityIn adults, cavity contains fatEpiphysisThe epiphyses are the ends of the boneThe joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilageEpiphyseal line separate diaphysis and epiphysisBlood


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