BONES AND BONE TISSUESIntroductionSKELETAL CARTILAGESSkeletal CartilagesBasic structure, type & locationBasic structure, type & locationCartilagesHyaline cartilagesHyaline cartilage locationsElastic cartilageFibrocartilageGrowth of cartilageFUNCTION OF BONESBonesFunction of Bones:Function of BonesFunction of BoneSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20CLASSIFICATION OF BONEClassification of Bone:Classification of BonesClassification: Long BoneClassification: Short BonesClassification: Flat BonesClassification: Irregular BoneBONE STRUCTUREGross AnatomyDiaphysisEpiphysisBlood VesselsMedullary cavityMembranesShort, Irregular and Flat BonesHematopoietic TissueHematopoietic Tissue (con’t)Compact BoneCompact boneAn OsteonSlide 41Perforating (Volkmann’s) CanalSlide 43Spongy BoneChemical Composition of BoneSlide 46Bone MarkingsSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Bone DevelopmentFormation of the Bony SkeletonSlide 67Intramembranous OssificationSlide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Endochondral OssificationSlide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Postnatal Bone GrowthGrowth in Length of Long BonesLong Bone GrowthLong Bone Growth and RemodelingGrowth and RemodelingBone Anatomy and StressHealing of a Bone FractureBONES AND BONE TISSUESCHAPTER 6IntroductionOne of the most remarkable tissues of the human bodyFar from inert and lifeless, bones are living, dynamic structuresBones serve a wide variety of very diverse functions within usNoted for their strength and resiliency during life, bones will remain after we are long goneSKELETAL CARTILAGESSECTION ISkeletal CartilagesInitially our skeleton is made up of cartilages and fibrous membranesGradually our skeletal cartilages are replaced by boneUpon reaching adulthood the skeleton becomes almost fully ossifiedOnly a few cartilages remain in the adult skeletonBasic structure, type & locationA skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissueEach type contains a high proportion of water which makes them resilientCartilage has no nerves or blood supplyIt is surrounded by a dense tissue membrane called a perichondriumBasic structure, type & location There are three types of cartilage tissue: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilageEach contains a matrix of jellylike ground substance and fibersCartilagesHyaline cartilagesThe most prevalent type of cartilage Its high proportion of collagen fibers give it flexibility and resilience while providing supportUpon examination the tissue appears white, frosted, and smoothHyaline cartilage locationsArticular - covers the end of bonesCostal - connect ribs to breastboneLaryngeal - skeleton of larynxTracheal & bronchial - reinforce the respiratory passagesNasal - support the external noseElastic cartilageElastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibersIts elastic fibers enable it to withstand repeated bendingFound only in the external ear and the epiglottisFibrocartilageThe tissue contains parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibersTissue is highly compressible and has great tensile strengthFound in thick pad-like structures like the menisci of the knee or the discs of the vertebral columnGrowth of cartilageCartilage grows in two waysAppositional growth occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue (growth from the outside)Interstitial growth occurs when the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage (growth from within)FUNCTION OF BONESSECTION IIBonesBones of the skeleton are organs that contain several different tissuesBones are dominated by bone tissue but also contain –Nervous tissue and nerves–Blood tissue and vessels–Cartilage in articular cartilages–Epithelial tissue lining the blood vesselsFunction of Bones:Bones perform several important functions:–Support–Protection –Movement–Mineral storage –Blood cell formationFunction of BonesSupportBones provide a hard framework that supports the body Bones provide support for internal organsFunction of BoneProtectionFused bones provide a brain case that protects this vital tissueSpinal cord is surrounded by vertebraeRib cage protects vital organsFunction of BoneMovementSkeletal muscle attached to bones use the bones as levers to move the bodyArrangement of bones and joints determine the movements possibleFunction of BonesMineral StorageBone serves as a mineral reservoirPhosphate and calcium ions can be released into the blood steam for distributionDeposition and removal are ongoingFunction of BonesBlood cell formationHematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of the long bonesThe majority of hematopoiesis occurs in bonesCLASSIFICATION OF BONESECTION IIIClassification of Bone:Bones vary in shape and sizeThe unique shape of each bone fulfills a particular needBones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular boneBones differ in the distribution of compact and spongy osseous tissuesClassification of BonesClassification:Long BoneLong bones have a long shaft and two distinct endsClassification is based on shape not sizeCompact bone on exterior w/ spongy inner bone marrowClassification:Short BonesShort bones are roughly cubelikeThin compact bone layer surrounding spongy bone massShort bones are often carpal, tarsal and sesamoid bonesClassification:Flat BonesFlat bones are thin, flattened and usually curvedParallel layer of compact bone with spongy bone layer betweenSkull, sternum and ribs are examplesClassification:Irregular BoneIrregular bones don’t fit into the previous categoriesComplicated shapesConsist of spongy bone with a thin layer of compactExamples are hip bones & vertabraeBONE STRUCTURESECTION IVGross AnatomyLandmarks on a typical long bone–Diaphysis –Epiphysis–MembranesMembranes–Periosteum–EndosteumDiaphysisLong tubular diaphysis is the shaft of the boneCollar of compact bone surrounds a central medullary or marrow cavityIn adults, cavity contains fatEpiphysisThe epiphyses are the ends of the boneThe joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilageEpiphyseal line separate diaphysis and epiphysisBlood
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