Some Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsValuesValuesHuman dignityHuman dignityCivilityCivilityPublic orderPublic orderCommon interestsCommon interestsAccounting spaceAccounting spaceSecurityConformityTraditionBenevolencePowerAchievementUniversalismSelf-directionStimulationHedonismSchwartzShalom SchwartzWell-beingAffectionPowerWealthSkillRespectRectitudeEnlightenmentLasswellHarold LasswellSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsValuesValuesDesired somatic or psychological indulgences arising from interaction of self with the worldAbraham MaslowPhysiological needsSafetyBelongingnessSelf-actualizationEsteemKnowingAestheticsMaslowSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsValuesValuesDesired somatic or psychological indulgences arising from interaction of self with the worldWell-beingAffectionPowerWealthSkillRespectRectitudeEnlightenmentLasswellSecurityConformityTraditionBenevolencePowerAchievementUniversalismSelf-directionStimulationHedonismSchwartzShalom SchwartzHarold LasswellAbraham MaslowPhysiological needsSafetyBelongingnessSelf-actualizationEsteemKnowingAestheticsMaslowConservatismSelf-enhancementOpenness tochangeSelf-transcendenceSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsPolicy ProcessPolicy ProcessPeople seeking valuesThrough institutionsUsing resources“scope” values“base” valuesSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsThe Fundamental Goal of All Policy ProcessesA Normative PropositionHuman dignityHuman dignityUniversal Declaration of Human RightsUnited Nations 1948“The inherent & equal value of all human beings”McDougal et al. (1980)Some Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsThe Fundamental Goal of All Policy ProcessesA Normative PropositionHuman dignityHuman dignityA commonwealth of human dignitySome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsCivilityCivilityInternalized & expressed norms of reciprocity, accommodation, & universalismHigh levels of social capital& public trustMinimization (optimization) of coercionIMPLICITLYSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsCivilityCivilityRespect for the dignity of other members of society embedded in collective self-consciousnessSocial capitalCivic virtue embedded in a dense network of reciprocal relations (civic engagement)Some Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsAccounting spaceAccounting spaceThe domain of time, space, genetic relatedness, and values The domain of time, space, genetic relatedness, and values that governs an individualthat governs an individual’’s decisions decision--making and behaviors.making and behaviors.Broad accounting spaceEnvironmental concernConcern about unlike and unrelated “others”<Biospheric altruism><Humanistic altruism>Capacity for empathy and perspective-taking <traits>Orientation towards respect & universalism <values>Grounded in openness to experience <trait>SelfSelf--transcendencetranscendenceSelfSelf--transcendencetranscendenceConcern about selfand/or Strong identification with narrow ingroup<Egoism>Orientation towards social dominance & right-wing authoritarianismOrientation towards power, security, tradition & conformityGrounded in ill-managed or heightened existential anxietiesNarrow accounting spaceSelfSelf--enhancementenhancementSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsThe problem ofThe problem ofpower power &&wealthwealthPowerPowerAuthorityAuthorityControlControlWealthWealthThe incestuous relation of power & wealthPower is unique among values by Power is unique among values by intrinsically imposing deprivations on othersintrinsically imposing deprivations on othersNarrow accounting spaceSelfSelf--enhancementenhancementPOWER (as a scope value)at the expense of othersat the expense of othersSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsThe problem ofThe problem ofpower power &&wealthwealthThere is an enduring strong tendency for policy processes There is an enduring strong tendency for policy processes everywhere to organize around everywhere to organize around powerpowerand and wealthwealth(as base (as base values)values), in service of those who prioritize , in service of those who prioritize powerpowerand and wealthwealth(as scope values)(as scope values)..The destructive play of powerSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsHuman dignityHuman dignityDemocratic characterDemocratic characterSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsThe problem ofThe problem ofpower power &&wealthwealthThere is an enduring strong tendency for policy processes There is an enduring strong tendency for policy processes everywhere to organize around everywhere to organize around powerpowerand and wealthwealth(as base (as base values)values), in service of those who prioritize , in service of those who prioritize powerpowerand and wealthwealth(as scope values)(as scope values)..The enduring challenge is for individuals and institutions to The enduring challenge is for individuals and institutions to countervail against this tendency.countervail against this tendency.But, there is a constructive place for power → coercion…The destructive play of powerSome Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsPUBLICPUBLICORDERORDERCIVICCIVICORDERORDERcoercion-based orderinternalized, persuasion-based orderMinimum public order(authoritative use of coercion)Optimal public order“sufficiently strong to protect the common interest & sufficiently flexible to permit the widest possible range of diversity to flourish”McDougal et al. 1980Some Key Orienting ConceptsSome Key Orienting ConceptsCommon versus Special InterestsInterestA demand for values made by a person or group expecting that the demand will be advantageousSome Key Orienting