11The SunThe SunOur star - inside and out234562789101112EarEarth having a really, really bad day.th having a really, really bad day.313http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=982cTjWx_zcSecrets of a Dynamic Sun Five major discoveries about ourSun. From NASA's Goddard SpaceFlight14Explain the proton-proton cycle in easy-to-understand language.State how radiation is transported through eachregion of the Sun’s interiorExplain how the Sun maintains a constantbalance in its interior (solar thermostat)Learning Goals:Learning Goals:15LIGHT!LIGHT!16•1H + 1H --> 2H + e+ + neutrino•2H + 1H --> 3He + gamma ray•3He + 3He --> 4He + 1H + 1HCoreCoreνγMustoccurtwiceExplain the proton-proton cycle in easy-to-understand language.Proton-Proton Cycle0.007 of original mass is converted to energye-2 γ17Protons must collide at high velocities:Temperature must be > 10,000,000 KelvinPlasma must be extremely dense.++I hate you,proton. You areso repulsive.You reek! Stayaway, youpositive jerk.Explain the proton-proton cycle in easy-to-understand language.18Explain the proton-proton cycle in easy-to-understand language.419Random WalkState how radiation is transported through each region of the Sun’s interiorRadiative Radiative ZoneZone20CONVECTION MOVIEState how radiation is transported through each region of the Sun’s interiorGranulationConvection ZoneConvection Zone2122State how radiation is transported through each region of the Sun’sinterior23Another way of thinking about this:Another way of thinking about this:TheThe Solar Thermostat Solar ThermostatExplain how the Sun maintains a constant balance in its interior (solar thermostat)Hydrostatic (gravitational) equilibrium in the Sunmaintains a constant balance between inward-pushing gravity and outward-pressing pressure.24Number of particles in core is decreasing.Number of particles in core is decreasing.NET RESULTNET RESULTIN: 6 H OUT: 1 He + 2 HIN: 6 H OUT: 1 He + 2 HExplain how the Sun maintains a constant balance in its interior (solar thermostat)525Explain how the Sun maintains a constant balance in its interior(solar thermostat)26What does it mean when we say photosphere isWhat does it mean when we say photosphere is““opaqueopaque”” to radiation? to radiation?27http://www.spaceweather.com2829The Sun as a Blackbody RadiatorThe Sun as a Blackbody Radiator30Photosphere - the SunPhotosphere - the Sun’’s s ““surfacesurface””631Outline basic characteristics of these regions of theSun: photosphere, chromosphere, coronaDescribe what sunspots are, why they are dark, andrelate their occurrences to the solar cycleDescribe what is meant by an “active region” of the Sun,and list some of the features of active regions32[“Surface” of the Sun]PhotospherePhotosphereOutline the basic characteristics of the following regions of the sun: photosphere, chromosphere, corona33ChromosphereOutline the basic characteristics of the following regions of the sun: photosphere, chromosphere, coronaChromosphereChromosphereBelow corona andabove photosphere5,000 – 500,000 Khttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap081102.html SPICULES34Extends millions of km from Sun.Temperature = 1-2 million degrees KDensity = 1/1,000,000,000 ofEarth’s atmosphereCoronaCoronaOutline the basic characteristics of the following regions of the sun: photosphere, chromosphere, coronaWhat is heating the corona?35Describe what sunspots are, why they are dark, and relate their occurrences to the solar cyclehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7HZFjALk-8&NR=136Covers ~ 10 hoursActive RegionsActive RegionsDescribe what is meant by an “active region” of the Sun, and list some of the features of active regionshttp://www.thesuninmotion.com/movies/ar930.html737Questions:Questions:D.None of these4. Region of the Sun where nuclear fusion isoccurring.C.Photosphere3. Has a temperature of a few million degrees butcannot be seen unless Sun’s disk is blocked out.B.Corona2. Contains the cool layers of the Sun responsiblefor the absorption lines we see in spectra.A.Chromosphere1. Seen at visible wavelengths, what we call the“surface of the Sun.”Match the characteristics of each region with the correct region.Answers may be used more than once or not at all.38Describe what sunspots are, why they are dark, andrelate their occurrences to the solar cycleDescribe what is meant by an “active region” of the Sun,and list some of the features of active
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