Form BCD 1 Exam #11) According to behaviorism, what is the appropriate focus of psychological study?A) Stagewise transformationsB) The adaptive value of behaviorC) Children’s biological dispositionsD) Directly observable events2) Research on brain plasticity shows that when healthy brain regions take over the functions of damaged areas,A) Children’s IQ scores increase by 10 to 15 pointsB) A “crowding effect” occurs in which multiple tasks must be done by a smaller than usual volume of brain tissueC) The brain processes information more quickly and accurately than it would if it were intactD) Neurons in the healthy regions tend to die, leaving those areas vulnerable to futuredamage3) Fraternal twins result whenA) Two ova are fertilized by two sperm cellsB) A fertilized ovum splits in half and develops into two organismsC) Two ova are fertilized by the same sperm cellD) One ovum is fertilized by two sperm cells4) ______________ and _________________ are examples of fine motor activities. A) Climbing on a jungle gym; blinkingB) Skipping; grasping a raisin between two fingersC) Crawling; standingD) Pointing; drawing5) The negative effects of prenatal tobacco exposure, such as low birth weight, can be reduced ____ once a pregnant woman stops smoking.A) ImmediatelyB) With medicationC) Only during the first trimesterD) Only during the third trimester6) One who believes that development is largely due to nature would feel thatA) High-quality stimulation and support ensure that children develop at their bestB) Providing assistance helps children to recover from early negative events1Form BC) The physical and social worlds influence biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birthD) Providing experiences aimed at promoting change would seem to be of little value7) George has suddenly outgrown his shoes, gloves, and pants; however, his jackets and shirts still fit well. This reversal of the proximodistal trend occurs duringA) ToddlerhoodB) PubertyC) InfancyD) Middle childhood8) In a study examining infants’ ability to perceive faces, 9-month-olds couldA) Discriminate individual faces of both humans and monkeys equally wellB) Distinguish human, but not monkey facesC) Distinguish monkey but not human facesD) Only distinguish their mother’s face from an unfamiliar woman’s face9) Of the following, which concern regarding surrogate motherhood is primarily voiced on moral or ethical grounds?A) A surrogate mother may choose to keep the baby rather than relinquishing it to thecontracted parentsB) The surrogate mother’s existing children may worry that they could be soldC) It may promote exploitation of women from lower income backgroundsD) Both parties may reject an infant with severe disabilities10) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development asA) A socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance when tacklingnew challengesB) Focusing on discontinuous changeC) Children’s capacity to shape their own developmentD) Emphasizing the bidirectional nature of child-environment relationships11) Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, intelligence, and personality are due toA) Dominant-recessive relationshipsB) Polygenic inheritanceC) Incomplete dominanceD) Genomic imprinting12) Why is the field of child development considered interdisciplinary?A) Scientific curiosity is the prevailing factor that led to the study of children2Form BB) The beginning of public education led to a demand for knowledge about what to teach childrenC) Contributions from researchers and professionals in different fields help solve everyday problems concerning childrenD) Research was stimulated by social pressure to better children’s lives13) The first researcher to point out the wide variability in adolescent adjustment wasA) Margaret MeadB) G. Stanley HallC) Jean-Jacques RousseauD) Jane Goodall14) _______ are responsible for coating neural fibers with _________.A) Glial cells; myelinB) Synapses; sheathsC) Neurotransmitters; dopamineD) Epiphyses; cartilage15) Why is color the least reliable of the Apgar characteristics? A) Delivery room lights make it difficult to accurately assess colorB) Vernix and skin tone of nonwhite newborns affect doctor’s ratingsC) All newborns are blue when they are first deliveredD) Babies delivered by cesarean section tend to have a pinker glow than babies born naturally16) Piaget believed that children eventually revise faulty logic in their ongoing efforts toA) Achieve equilibrium in their immediate organism-environmental relationshipB) Gain knowledge from older members of societyC) Achieve an equilibrium between internal structures and information they encounterD) Reconcile advice from family, friends, and school17) Public policy research has shown thatA) The United States and Canada rank above most Western countries on nearly all measures of children’s well-beingB) Poverty is no longer a major problem affecting children’s well-being in the UnitedStates and CanadaC) American and Canadian public policies safeguarding children and youths have lagged behind policies in other developed nations3Form BD) Both the United States and Canada have excellent systems in place for guaranteeing high-quality child care to all citizens18) Freud’s psychosexual theory stressed the influence ofA) The academic environment on young childrenB) Society’s values and beliefs on parent’s disciplinary techniquesC) Older siblings on newbornsD) The early parent-child relationship on development19) The cries of brain-damaged babies, those have experienced complications, and babies with colic are often _____________ that those of healthy infants.A) Wuieter and more muffled-soundingB) Longer in durationC) More shrill and piercingD) Less shrill and piercing20) Internationally, America’s rankings have slipped from seventh in the 1950s to twenty-sixth in 2002 for infant mortality rates. Every country that outranks the United States providesA) Government-sponsored health care benefits, access to good nutrition, and quality medical careB) Stronger crime prevention initiatives and family counseling programsC) More funding for prenatal surgery and postpartum depression researchD) Higher numbers of well-trained pediatric nurses and midwives21) According to Bandura’s social learning theory, children learn primarily throughA) Classical conditioningB) Behavior modificationC) Operant conditioningD) Modeling22) During the