1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slidesPsychology 311Abnormal Psychology1Diagnostic Classification Systems2Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyStone Age Models• People also behaved weird• Believed people were possessed bydemons or spirits•Solution• Need to release the spirit• Put a hole in the head - Trephining3Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyTime Progresses• Humans become more sophisticated• Weird behaviors are caused by demons• Remove by religious rites and rituals4Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyGreek Empire• Diagnostic model changes• Hippocrates 460-377bc• Rejected the demon explanation• Formulated a medical model for the diagnosis of abnormal behavior.5Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyHypothesized we get Problems From• Organic injury (e.g., Head Trauma)• Imbalance of body fluids• Inherited susceptibility6Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDivided Mental Illness into Categories• First real diagnostic system• Problems were caused by imbalances of four humors• These imbalances caused different personality traits and abnormal behavior.27Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPersonalities• Personality Cause• Phlegmatic Excessive Phlegm(indifferent)• Sanguine (overly Excessive Bloodenthusiastic)• Melancholic Black Bile(Depressed)• Choleric Yellow Bile(Aggressive)8Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPoints to Note• First real diagnostic system• Was based on a medical approach • Used observation and hypotheses to support his model.• Is the beginning of systematic treatments for the next several hundred years.• In western civilization, the approach continues into the Roman empire• Will have influences in Islamic models as well.9Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyRoman Empire• Medical models continue• Many Physicians•Galen• Humors continue to be followed• Other contributions as well10Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyRome falls• Early Middle Ages begins• Western knowledge and writing decline• Rise in Christianity• Demons return• Diagnosis related to religious teachings•Devil• Witchcraft11Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyIslamic Models• Islamic physicians combined models of Aristotle, Galen, and Islamic teachings• Husayn Ibn Sina • Looked for brain structures that hosted various aspects of the mind discussed by philosophers. • Continued a scientific approach for abnormality12Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology12th - 13th Centuries• Many wars have occurred.• Islamic teaching are rediscovered in the west.• New models of thinking• E.g., Dance is used as a treatment• Minimal progress in treatment success313Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAs Middle Ages Progress• Belief in Magic and Witchcraft continues to increase.• Some nations differentiate between mentally ill individuals and criminals14Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyEngland• Mentally ill were categorized into two groups• Natural Fool •Were the mentally retarded •Intelligence never progresses beyond a child• Persons non compos mentis (Not of Sound Mind)•Did not show mental disability at birth•Deviant behavior was not continuous•Had times when they behaved normally• 1500s• Natural Fool = Ultimately becomes Idiot• Persons non Compos Mentis = Lunatic15Psyc 311 – Abnormal Psychology1700’s• Most of the world is governed by Nation-States• Mentally ill are recognized to be different than common criminals• Initially were put into hospitals• Ultimately the hospitals become more like prisons.• Few people are cured.16Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPhrenology•Gall• Bumps on the skull were reflections of personality17Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyFirst US Classification System (1840)•Idiot• Was used to classify all Mental Illness• By 1880• Were 8 categories18Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyEmil Kraepelin • Noted two groups of symptoms seem to be together and reoccur.•1. Dementia Praecox• Mental deterioration early in life• Schizophrenia• 2. Manic – Depressive Insanity• Marked by mood swings•Bipolar Disorder419Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDSM - I and DSM - II• Developed in 1952 and 1968• Were based on psychoanalytic theory• Had many problems. • Focused on internal non-observable problems• Diagnoses were often different (even for the same behavior)20Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDSM III (1980)• Developed by the American Psychiatric Association• Tried to resolve many problems with the earlier DSMs• Listed specific symptoms and factors relevant to a disorder• Included specific features•When it begins•Disorder Progression•Life Complications •Others21Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCharacteristics• Uses a Multiaxial approach to diagnosis• Summarizes a variety of diverse information.• Allows a person to be diagnosed on five different scales22Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAxis I• Clinical Disorders• Used for most disorders.• Does not include personality disorders or mental retardation• Can have multiple diagnoses•Example• Substance abuse Disorders23Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAxis II• Used for personality disorders and mental retardation.• Most disorders begin in childhood and persist throughout adult life• Example - Antisocial Personality Disorder24Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAxis III• Describe medical conditions that are relevant to the disorder• Example – Cirrhosis of the liver525Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAxis IV• Used for psychosocial and environmental problems associated with the disorder• Example – Homeless, unemployed.26Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAxis V• Is a global functioning scale• Ranges from 1-100• Low ratings indicate problems• High ratings indicate good or superior functioning• Example – GAF = 50 Moderate problems27Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDSM IV, DSM IV-TR• Are updates of the DSM III• Are designed to “Fine tune” the system.• Have added some new disorders,• Have removed others28Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAdvantages of the DSM system• Has increased the reliability of diagnosis for major disorders,• Is less reliable for sub-disorders• Allows for greater research in sub areas• Makes it easier to justify treatment compensation by insurance companies• Is similar to World Diagnostic Schemes• ICD-10 codes•Others29Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyProblems• Is culturally biased• Is applicable in some cultures but less in others.• Has problems