1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slidesPsychology 311Abnormal Psychology1Psychological Models and Treatments for Depression2Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPsychoanalytic Models• Not used much today• Has influenced other models• Cognitive behavioral•Interpersonal 3Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyFreud• Called depression – Melancholy• Grief gone haywire•Excessive, drawn out, unsatisfied• Person suffered impoverishment of the ego on a grand scale.4Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyBibring • Changed internal conflict of Freud to helplessness associated with particular situations5Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyOverall• Contends depression occurs due to triggers of problems that occurred in childhood.• Research• Supports contention of a combination of traumatic childhood experiences and acute external stressful events in adulthood.6Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPsychoanalytic therapy• Helps sort out the childhood issues and apply them to the issues going on in adulthood well.27Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyInterpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)• Is short-term therapy• Originally designed to prevent relapse of acute depression treated with antidepressants.• Contends early childhood issues often relate to depression – attachment bonds8Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyTreatment• Focuses on teaching people to be more socially effective• Helps to improve relationships• Has been shown to be very effective when combined with Cognitive Therapies.9Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyHumanistic/Existentialist Models•Existential • Focuses on low self esteem•Humanistic • Focuses on the discrepancy between a persons view of the ideal self and their view of their actual self• Loss can be anything (not just death)•Money, Job, etc10Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDepression and Anxiety• Thought to happen when the discrepancy between the ideal self and reality is too large.• Often occurs in young people with high aspirations11Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyExample• Females• Have to juggle many roles•Work, motherhood, PTA, church, spouse, others•Are trying to fill many roles•Problem – Not possible to fulfill the highest potential•Result - Depression12Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyBehavioral • Contends depression occurs from a lack of reinforcement• Are concerned with peoples skills in getting social reinforcement and typical ways individuals deal with stress.• Contends depressed people in stressful situations cope with delay and attempting to get emotional support from others.313Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyExperiences a Circular PatternPerson Seeks AttentionAnnoys OthersGets Agitated or Depressed14Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyResult• Negative Social Spiral• Depression worsens 15Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyTreatment• Social Skills Training• Teach basic verbal and non-verbal skills• Then give homework assignments• Trained to be perceptive of social cues• Time to leave• Teach a realistic criteria for self-evaluation.• Put it all together in role plays• Clients are usually surprised how well it works16Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCognitive Model• Is the most influential model today• Contends depressed people consistently perceive causes of events in a way that is unfavorable to their self.• Is thought that current day events are processed through a childhood schemata.• Result - Cognitive Distortion17Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyBeck• Most influential today.• Contends depression is best described in a negative triad 18Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyBeckThoughts of OneselfSituationFuture419Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyOverview• Depressed person misinterprets facts in a negative way• Focuses on negative aspects• Pessimistic expectations of the future• Attribute misfortunes to personal defects20Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAttribution• Blame themselves first when something bad happens• Blames luck when something good happens• Feel helpless to control their environment• Called learned helplessness• All cognitive theorists stress the inaccuracy of self-perception21Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)• Main focus is to help clients think more adaptively.• Is based on the length and severity of depression• More severe form begins with behavioral techniques.• Clients are taught to self-monitor•Self mastery increases mood•Increases motivation to engage in more activities that could be rewarding22Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAutomatic thoughts• Are very powerful• Links an outside event to a reaction23Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyConclusions• Psychological models do not primarily focus on biological aspects of depression• Acknowledge they may be needed.• Many models of psychological treatment• Many work well alone• Also work well in combination with medications24Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyRole of Medications and Psychotherapy• Both can be beneficial alone • Better when used in combination• Depends on the patients/clients condition• A thorough assessment is