1Listen to the audio lecture while viewing these slidesPsychology 311Abnormal Psychology1Schizophrenia2Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyOverview• Is know as a psychotic disorder• Altered perceptions and consciousness• Called hallucinations, delusions, etc.• Probably consists of more than one disorder• Is the most devastating disorder• Occurs in about 1% of the population• 20 million people worldwide meet the criteria• 2 million or more Americans• Another 2-3% have Schizotypal Personality Disorder• No major sex differences in prevalence rates• Generally,• Is a disorder of thought and emotion• Is not a “split-personality” disorder.3Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCosts• Cost of care = 70 Billion Dollars annually• Disease is expensive •For care• Hospitalizations•Medications• Cost to families• Loss of productivity•Jog loss• Suicidal attempts4Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologySocial costs• Many homeless are untreated or stop meds• High portion of patients at instate hospitals• 1 in 4 schizophrenic patients attempt suicide• 1 in 10 succeed5Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCharacterized by• Disorganized Thoughts• Hallucinations• Delusions• Bizarre behaviors6Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyTwo Different Types of Schizophrenic Symptoms• Researchers group symptoms into two groups•Positive •Negative• Helps differentiate the different presenting causes and processes27Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPositive Symptoms•Includes•Delusions•Hallucinations• Disorganized speech/bizarre behavior• More /most frequent in first stages or early episodes• At least one positive symptom must be present in the active/acute phase for diagnosis to be made8Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDelusions• Are faulty interpretations of reality that continue after being exposed to clear evidence that is contrary• Occur more often in schizophrenia than any other disorder9Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyExamples of Bizarre Delusions• People controlling your mind• Outside sources (e.g., radio, etc.) are inserting thoughts in your mind• Everyone can hear your thoughts• Others control your feelings10Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyReferential• Believes certain gestures, newspaper titles, comments, song lyrics, book passages, etc. are for them11Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyLess common• Delusions of grandiose• Delusions of persecution• Being an extremely important person• May have a religious theme•I am God’s Messenger12Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyHallucinations• Are perceptions that occur in the absence of stimuli • Are projections of internal impulses and experiences onto perceptual images of the real world• May occur during fevers, drug use, medical conditions• Only in schizophrenics do hallucinations happen when in a “normal” state• Can be associated with any senses•Visual•Auditory•Olfactory• Tactile313Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAuditory Hallucinations• Are the most common• Voices can make a running commentary• Blame the individual for actions or crimes•Can issue orders•Can be very dangerous14Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyTactile and Olfactory• Tactile• Get burning or tingling hallucinations• Note: No actual burning is taking place•Olfactory• Is less common• Sense foul odors coming from the body•Death •Sex Change•Decay15Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCommentary• What is real to the mind is real to the person• Person experiences •Extreme fright•True terror•Feels there is no escape16Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPositive Hallucinations• Not all are frightening• Some offer protection from negative reality• Person does not want to give them up17Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDisordered thinking• Considered to be the most important characteristic of schizophrenia•Problem• Thinking is difficult to assess• DSM IV stresses disordered speech18Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDisordered Speech• Typically is described as loosening of associations• Switch from one topic to another without any relation between the two•Example• Therapist: explain what this means•“The early bird gets the worm”•Client•There are birds called earliest. You can cut worms in half. I like spaghetti419Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyPreservative speech• Repetition of words or phrases• Are often inserted into subsequent sentences•Example• Birds are early, can’t eat an early worm, like spaghetti and worm, early spaghetti• Not all schizophrenics speak incoherently• Some articulate very well20Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDisorganized Behavior• Behavior varies widely• Is usually unpredictable• May seem unrelated to surroundings• May have angry outbursts• Not sure if behavior is related to hallucinations or delusions21Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyCatatonia•Catatonic excitement• Get excessive or random motor activity• Catatonic rigidity• Complete lack of movement• Can be motionless for hours• May experience swelling• Man pushed in chair•Can move his arm and it stays put• Can be reduce or eliminated with operant reinforcing and extinguishing techniques22Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyNegative Symptoms• Have behavior deficits – Flat Affect• No eye contact•Blank face• Monotone voice•Apathetic•Quiet voice• Slow to answer questions• Slowed speech• Slowed movements• Inability to initiate• Reduced voluntary movements23Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyAre difficult to evaluate• Symptoms are at the “end of the line” for normal behavior• Without hallucinations or delusions• Not sure if you have schizophrenia or depression24Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyDiagnosis• Must be continuously ill for at least 6 months.• Need to have one psychotic phase where you have •Delusions•Hallucinations• Disordered thoughts, incoherence, or other symptoms.• See DSM IV for more detail525Psyc 311 – Abnormal PsychologyConclusion• Severe disorder• Most people can be treated effectively• Many people stop taking their medications• Revolving door syndrome• Future, work • Decreasing drug side effects• Examine the genetics associated underlying the