Study Guide: Terms and Definitions
84 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
gender
|
Gender is a set of characteristics that are seen to distinguish between male and female.
|
|
gender stereotypes
|
widely shared beliefs about males and females abilities, personality traits , and social behavior.
|
|
instrumentality
|
orientation toward action and accomplishment, whereas the stereotypes for females reflect the quality of expressiveness, an orientation toward emotion and relationships.
|
|
andro-centrism
|
the belief that the male is the norm.
|
|
meta-analysis
|
In statistics, a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses.
|
|
aggression
|
involves behavior that intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally.
|
|
soical role theory
|
minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy.
|
|
constructionism
|
that individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations , conditioning , self-socialization.
|
|
corpus callosum
|
the band of fibers connecting the two hemipheres of the brain.
|
|
hormones
|
are chemical subtances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands
|
|
socialization
|
the acquisition of the norms and roles expect of people in a particular society.
|
|
gender roles
|
cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender.
|
|
gender schemas
|
cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender-relevant information.
|
|
homophobia
|
the intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality
|
|
sexism
|
discrimination against people on the basis of their gender
|
|
gender-role identity
|
a person's identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine.
|
|
androgymy
|
the coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person
|
|
the gender-role transcentdence perspective
|
propose that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others.
|
|
pubescenes
|
to describe the two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical and sexual maturity take place .
|
|
secondary sex
|
physical features that distinguish one gender from the other but that are not essential for reproduction .
|
|
puberty
|
Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction.
|
|
menarche
|
Menarche (, from Greek moon + beginning) is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
|
|
spermarche
|
The first ejaculatory experience of boys is termed semenarche. Spermarche refers to the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty.
|
|
identity
|
having a relatively clear and stable sense of who one is in the larger society.
|
|
parasuicides
|
Suicide is the act of a human being intentionally causing his or her own death.
|
|
social clock
|
a person's notion of a developmental schedule that specifies what he or she should have accomplished by certain points in life.
|
|
neurons
|
individuals cells that receive , integrate and transmit information
|
|
Dementia
|
abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment.
|
|
menopause
|
the time when menstruation ceases.
|
|
working memory
|
limited capacity memory store that people use to juggle information they are currently focusing on.
|
|
death system
|
the collection of rituals and procedures used by a culture to handle death.
|
|
death anxiety
|
the fear and apprenhension
|
|
bereavement
|
the painful loss of a loved one through death.
|
|
mourning
|
the formal practices of an individual and a community in response to a death.
|
|
occupational
|
interest inventories measure your interests as they relate to various jobs or careers.
|
|
work
|
activity that produces something of value for others.
|
|
dual-earner household
|
which both partners are employed
|
|
underemployment
|
settling for a job that does not fully utilize one's skills, abilities, and training.
|
|
labor forces
|
consist of all those who are employed as well as those who are currently unemployed but are looking for work.
|
|
token
|
a symbol of all the members of that group.
|
|
glass ceiling
|
invisible barrier that prevents most women and ethnic minorities from advancing to the highest levels of occupations
|
|
sexual harassment
|
occur when employees are subjected to unwelcome sexually oriented behavior.
|
|
work-family
|
conflict or the feeling of being
|
|
sexual idenity
|
the complex of personal qualities, self -perceptions , attitudes, values, and preferences that guide one's sexual behavior
|
|
heterosexual
|
Heterosexuality consists of sexual behavior, practices, and identity predicated on exclusive preference or desire for the opposite sex.
|
|
homophobia
|
the intense fear and intolerance of homosexuals.
|
|
vasocongestion
|
engorgement of blood vessels.
|
|
coronary
|
disease results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood.
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries
|
|
a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries
|
three elements : (!) a strong competitive orientation (2) impatience and time urgency (3) anger and hostility
|
|
type B personalitiy
|
is mark by relatively relaxed , patience , easying going , amicable behavior.
|
|
hostility
|
negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts , feeling of anger and overly aggressive actions.
|
|
cancer
|
maligant cell growth , which may occur in many organ systems in the body .
|
|
immune
|
the body defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria viral agents or other foreign substances
|
|
the body defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria viral agents or other foreign substances
|
a chronic , progressive disorder marked by a growing compulsion to drink and impaired control over drinking that eventually interferes with health and social behavior.
|
|
body mass ( BMI)
|
weight (KIL) disvided by height ( in metters ) squared ( kg/m2)
|
|
set point
|
proposes that body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them ( and weight) fairly stable .
|
|
settling-point
|
proposes that weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium.
|
|
nutrition
|
through which organism utilizes the materials required for survival and growth.
|
|
tolerance
|
a progressive decrease ina person's responsiveness to decrease in a person responsiveness to a drug with continued use
|
|
physical dependence
|
when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
|
|
phychological dependence
|
when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for it.
|
|
overdose
|
is a =n excessive dose of a drug that can seriously threaten one's life.
|
|
narcotics
|
are drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain
|
|
sedatives
|
sleeping -inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nerouse system and behavioral activity.
|
|
stimulants
|
drugs that tend to increase central nervous system and behavioral activity
|
|
hallucinogens
|
a diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning marked most prominently by distortion in sensory and perceptual experience.
|
|
cannabis
|
the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish , and THC are derived.
|
|
medical model
|
proposes that it is useful to think ofabnormal behavior as a disease
|
|
daginosis
|
involves distinguishing one illness from another. etiology to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.
|
|
prognosis
|
forecast about the probable course of an illness
|
|
epidemiology
|
the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a pollution.
|
|
prevalnece
|
the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.
|
|
axiety disorders
|
class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder
|
marked by a chronic high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat
|
|
phobic disorder
|
by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
|
|
panic disorder
|
characterized by recurrent attachs of overwhelming aniety that usually occurs suddenly and expectedly
|
|
agoraphobia
|
fear of going out to piblic places
|
|
obsessive-complsive disorder
|
persistent , uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another
|
|
somatoform disorder
|
physicals ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors.
|
|
somatization
|
history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin.
|
|
hypochondriasis
|
excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about about developing physical illnesses.
|
|
dissociative disorders
|
class disorder in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory , resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity.
|
Study Guide: Terms and Definitions