CEP 260 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Human Sexuality Outline of Current Lecture II. Abnormal BehaviorIII. Anxiety Disorders IV. Somatoform DisordersV. Dissociative DisordersVI. Mood DisordersVII. Schizophrenic DisordersVIII. Eating Disorders Current LectureAbnormal Behavior• Criteria of Abnormal Behavior 1. Deviance – the behavior must be significantly different from what society deems acceptable.2. Maladaptive behavior – the behavior interferes with the person’s ability to function.3. Personal distress – the behavior is troubling to the individual.• Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders• The American Psychological Association (A.P.A.) uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (now in its fourth revision and referred to as the DSM-IV) to classify disorders.• It provides detailed information about various mental illnesses that allows clinicians to make more consistent diagnoses.– The DSM has five “axes” or components1. Axis I: criteria for diagnosing most disorders.2. Axis II: specific to personality disorders.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Axis III: patient’s general medical condition.4. Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems.5. Axis V: global assessment of functioning.• The most common classes are substance use, anxiety, and mood disorders.Anxiety Disorders: a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety• Generalized anxiety disorder is marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat• Phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object of situation thatpresents no realistic danger• Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usuallyoccur suddenly and unexpectedly• Agoraphobia “is a fear of going out to public places”.– Agoraphobia may result from severe panic disorder, in which people “hide” in their homes out of fear of the outside world.• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)– Common obsessions include fear of contamination, harming others, suicide, or sexual acts.– Compulsions are highly ritualistic acts that temporarily reduce anxiety brought on by obsessions.• Etiology of anxiety disorders– Biological factors• Inherited temperament may be a risk factor for anxiety disorders.• “Anxiety sensitivity” theory posits that some people are more sensitive tointernal physiological symptoms of anxiety and overreact with fear when they occur.– Some people are more likely to experience anxiety disorders because they• Misinterpret harmless situations as threatening.• Focus excess attention on perceived threats.• Selectively recall information that seems threatening.Somatoform disorders: physical ailments that cannot be fully explained by organic conditions and are largely due to psychological factors• Somatization disorder is marked by a history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin– It occurs mostly in women.– Symptoms seem to be linked to stress.• Conversion disorder is characterized by a significant loss of physical function with no apparent organic basis, usually in a single organ system– Common symptoms include• Partial or total loss of vision or hearing.• Partial paralysis.• Laryngitis or “mutism” (inability to speak).• Seizures or vomiting.• Loss of function in limbs.• Etiology of somatoform disorders• Personality factors– Somatoform disorders are more common in people with “histrionic” personalities (those who thrive on the attention that illness brings).– Neuroticism also seems to elevate one’s predisposition to somatoform disorders.• Cognitive factors– Some people focus excessive attention on bodily sensations and amplify them into perceived symptoms of distress.– They also have unrealistically high standards of “good health”. Thus, any deviation from perfect health is seen as a sign of illness.• The sick role– Some people learn to “like” being sick because• It allows one to avoid challenging tasks.• Demands aren’t placed on sick people.• It provides an excuse for failure.• Being sick elicits attention from others.Dissociative Disorders: a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity• Dissociative amnesia is a sudden loss of memory for important personal information thatis too extensive to be due to normal forgetting”.• It often occurs after a single traumatic event or an extended period of severe trauma or stress.• Dissociative fugue is a disorder in which people lose their memory for their sense of personal identity– People suffering from this disorder often wander away from home; do not know who they are, where they live, or who they know.• Dissociative identity disorder (DID) involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities– Also known as “multiple personality disorder”, in which each personality has its own name, memories, traits, and physical mannerisms. – Transitions between identities can be sudden and the differences between them can be extreme (e.g., different races or genders).– Psychogenic amnesia and fugue are usually the result of extreme stress.Mood Disorders: a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes• Major depressive disorder is one in which people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure– Onset can occur at any time, but most cases occur before age 40.– The majority of people with depression (75-95%) will experience a repeat episode.– Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression. • Bipolar disorder (once known as manic-depressive disorder) is marked by the experienceof both depressed and manic periods– “Manic” periods are characterized by bouts of extreme exuberance and a feeling of invincibility. This state of elation alternates, sometimes suddenly, with periods of depression • Mood