ANTH 160A1: EXAM 2
79 Cards in this Set
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The Wallace Trench
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- located between New Guinea- Australia and Java-Borneo
- An undersea chasm nearly 7,500 m (25,000 ft) deep.
- kept islands apart, never allowed them to join
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The Road to Sahul (Greater Australia)
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- Routes taken by island hopping
- believed that the migration did not happen all at once. It progressed through generations
- Marine Exploration is believed to be a driving force to finding Sahul either by accident or through exploration
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What date for human occupation does the archaeological record indicate for Australia?
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- occurred no earlier than about 50,000 years ago.
- Some believe it was soon after 40,000 years ago
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Lake Mungo
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one of a number of dry lake beds located in the Willandra Lakes region of western New South Wales in southeastern Australia.
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Tasmania
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located to the south of Australia's southeast coast
- the last "new world" in Sahul to be occupied by human beings.
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The Pacific Islands are usually divided into three groupings
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Melanesia: the so-called black islands of New Guinea and smaller islands to the east, including the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, Santa Cruz, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Fiji
Micronesia: the "small islands" north of Melanesia
Polynesia: "many islands", including a broad tri…
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Lapita Pottery
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Found virtually everywhere Polynesians explored and settled after 3,500 B.P.
- The earliest occurrence of a human population on the inhabited islands of Polynesia is invariably marked by the appearance of Lapita Pottery.
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Clovis Technology
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Clovis spear-points are distinctive in having a channel, or flute, on both faces.
- First recognized in Clovis New Mexico
- dates back to 13,500 to 12,800
- it is still unclear where Clovis originated, though most archaeologists point to somewhere in the American Midwest or Mid-south…
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Fluted Points
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A new world invention that most likely aided in hafting the spearpoints onto wooden shafts.
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Folsom Points
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- younger than Clovis points
- they are generally smaller than Clovis, and the flute extends nearly the entire length of the point.
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First skeletons in the New World
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The oldest human skeletons yet to be found in the New World date back to no more than about 13,000 years ago.
- skeleton found in an underwater cave near the town of Tulum, on the east coast of Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
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DNA in relation to New World Ancestors
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DNA supports the model of a migration to the New World from northeast Asia through Beringia.
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Why were the pacific islands settled?
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- curiosity about what lay beyond the horizon
- a desire to find areas suitable for habitation and rich in resources
- the need to find new land as a result of overpopulation or warfare.
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Mesolithic
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the cultural period that follows the Paleolithic Europe and precedes the appearance of farming cultures was marked by many of the features of post-Pleistocen cultures.
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Hoabinhian
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- the tradition of making stone tools from chipped pebbles
- marks the southern Chinese Mesolithic
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Iberomarusians
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- at bout 16,000 B.P., they inhabited the coastal plain and interior of what is today Tunisia and Morocco
- they made small stone blade artifacts and used them as scraping and piercing tools
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Capian
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- the culture tat followed the Iberomaurusian Culture
- After 10,000 B.P. in Northwest Africa
- Very similar to the Iberomaurusian Culture but they are believed to be the same people that simply migrated over there.
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Australian Small Tool Phase
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- began around 6,000 years ago
- the phase is marked by the production of blade tools, reflecting a more efficient use of stone than in earlier technologies.
-finely made spearpoints
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Archaic
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- lasting from about 9,000 to 3,000 years ago
- represents a complex era when specific adaptations to the different climatic and environmental regimes became established across North America
- adaptations to the post-Pleistocene habitats that characterized the continent.
- Shell moun…
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Lake Forest Archaic
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- developed as a response to the unique conditions of the areas adjacent to the Great Lakes and the lake region of western New England
- the material culture shows a heavy reliance on Lacustrine (lake) resources, with a settlement pattern of home bases on lakeshores occupied in the sprin…
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Maritime Archaic
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- is situated on New England's North Atlantic coast
- primarily in Maine but also extending north into New Brunswick
- sites dating back to 4,600 years ago
- show a clear subsistence focus on sea resources
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Mast Forest Archaic
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- most of southern New England
- the term "mast" refers to the acorns and other nut foods from trees
- focused on the rich resources of the river-drained woodlands
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Koster: Emblem of the Archaic
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- in Illinois
- the people of Koster hunted deer, small mammals, and migratiory fowl
Three human burials dating to nearly 6000 B.P. were recovered at Koster and like those seen in the Shell Mound Archaic farther to the south and east, there were differences in the amounts and kinds of g…
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Camelids
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- the single set of large game animals remaining after the Pleistocene
- South American Camels (llamas and alpacas are the domesticated versions of South African camels)
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Artificial Selection
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the directed breeding of plants and animals possessing characteristics deemed beneficial to human beings.
- Humans protect and encourage only those individual plants that produce more, larger, or more readily digested seeds; only those individual animals within a species that exhibit les…
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Fertile Crescent
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- it encompasses some of the richest and most fertile agricultural land in the Middle East.
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Natufian Culture
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- dating from 14,000 to 9,800 years ago
- Natufian sites are located in the Mediterranean woodland zone
- dramatic shift from simple to complex foraging based on plant foods
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Complex Foraging
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A system of hunting animals and gathering wild plants in which subsistence is focused on few highly productive resources. They are collected and stored, compared to simple foraging
- allowing for denser human populations
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Mesoamerica
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- includes the modern nations located south of the US and north of south america (including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, the western regions of Honduras and Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica
- many valuable agricultural crops
- maize (corn), beans, and squash
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The Tehuacan Valley Project
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conducted in 1961-64 in Mexico
- provided archaeologists with our most detailed picture of the process of maize domestication.
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Qadan
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- a culture that dates back to 15,000 to 11,000 years ago in southern Egypt.
- culture was known for stone blades that would inset into wooden or bone handles that served as sickles used in harvesting wild grains and the grinding stones necessary to process the grains into flour.
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Plant and animal domestication in China
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- the earliest evidence of plant or animal domesticatoin in China from the Zendpiyan Cave site in Guilan dates to the period after 10,3000 B.P.
-A large proportion (85%) of the animal bones are those of young pigs, less than 2 years of age. This may indicate that the animals were not bei…
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Peiligang Culture
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-In Northern China, the earliest Neolithic culture currently recognized is the Peiligang
- Dating to between 8,500 and 7,000 years ago, the Peiligang culture is centered in the deciduous forest zone of northern China.
- these sites are already well-established farming villages, with hun…
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Yangshao Culture
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-the better-known, later Neolithic culture of China
- Crops: foxtail millet, Chinsese cabbage, and rice.
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Jomon Culture
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- late Pleistocene/early Holocene Culture in Japan
- had a foraging subsistence base, with an emphasis on resources of the sea.
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Taro
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- is a common modern subsistence crop in New Guinea
- (starch grains)
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Phytoliths
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- microscopic chunks of minerals that form in plants and that, ultimately, are released into the soil.
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Domestication in Central Asia
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- though central Asia is not usually thought of as a Neolithic center, the earliest evidence for the domestication of one kind of animal - the horse - has been found there.
- the horse leg bones recovered are not as robust as those of wild horses. Their size and proportions are far close…
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Europe
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- for the most part, the Neolithic of Europe appears to have been imported from the south and east.
- virtually all of the crops important in the European Neolithic, including einkorn, barley, bean, vetch, and lentils, are demonstrably New Eastern in origin; there is little or no evidenc…
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Linearbandkeramik (LBK)
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a subsistence base that included emmer, barley, and pulses (grainlike legumes)
- traced back to about 6500 B.P.
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Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico
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- the primary native crops domesticated by the Indians of the eastern woodlands were squash, sunflower, marsh, elder, goosefoot, and lamb's quarters (pigweed)
- Squash seeds recovered at the Phillips Spring site in Missouri, dating to 4500 to 4300 B.P.
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South America Main Crops
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1. potato
2. oca
3. Turnip
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The most significant animal domestication in the new world was in...
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south america...
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Cotton
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- fishing nets/lines
- cloth
- later, textiles
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Climate Change
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- denial
- adapt (new strategies)
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Stonehenge
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- located in Wiltshire, England, about 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north ofSalisbury
- constructed about 5,000 years ago
- it appears that the builders of stonehenge came from all over Great Britain
- was a sacred place and a pilgrimage destination where ritua…
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Megaliths
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being built of stone and tending to be massive
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Carnac
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More than 5,000 years ago
- far more expansive monument than stonehenge
- implies the existence of a social and political structure that could provide the organizational capacity to produce monumentally scaled construction projects and, at the same time demanded that such projects were …
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Definition of Archaeology
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the study of the material remains of human behavior
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Gobekli Tepe
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an archaeological site in Turkey
- no evidence at all of agriculture or any kind of food production there
- based on hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants.
- 11,000 years ago
- purely a ceremonial, ritual site. Nobody lived there.
- the labor to construct it is unusual for h…
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Poverty Point
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located adjacent to the Macon Bayou and the broad, rich floodplain of the Mississippi river. (in Louisiana)
- dates before 35000 B.P.
- implies the existence of a large labor force coordinated through a complex social and plitical structure.
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What we see in the case of Gobekli Tepe, Watson Brake and Poverty point
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-habitats so rich in resources that a surplus could be produced sufficient to feed a large force of workers while those workers were building monumental structures of stone or earth.
- these ancient people responsible for these sites weren't agricultural but can be called instead, afflue…
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Watson Brake
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Beginning soon after 5,200 years ago in a site that is now known as Louisiana, the inhabitants of the site constructed 11 distinct earth mounds and connecting ridges that together form an oval enclosure of mounded soil.
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chiefdoms
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an intermediate form of political organization in which integration is achieved through the office of chiefs
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Jericho
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- archaeological site of Jericho, in Israel, was a village with a number of distinct features that at more than 9,000 years ago imply a movement away from the egalitarian pattern seen at other Neolithic sites.
- social difference
- trade
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Catalhoyuk
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- located in central Turkey, near the town of Cumra, the site of Catalhoyuk presents a fascinating enigma to archaeologists.
- dates to about 9,000 years ago and the settlement persisted for 1,200 years.
- the site itself is about 3 times the size of Jericho
- residents moved around ac…
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Mesopotamia
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"the land between the rivers"
- between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates
- these rivers played a fundamental role in producing the flat expanse of fertile soil in which the seeds of the world's first civilization were planted.
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Hassunan Culture of Mesopotamia
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dating from 8,000 to 7,200 B.P., Hassunan sites are small, typically about 100 m in diameter, with populations estimated at a few hundred. (southwest Asia)
- do exhibit just a few hints of what was to come in Mesopotamia in the form of architectural sophistication.
"rustic simplicity" /…
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Samarran Culture of Mesopotamia
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located farther south, deep into the floodplain of the Tigris.
- these sites date to after 7,500 B.P.
- the diets of the inhabitants included the resources offered by the river, with archaeological evidence for the heavy use of fish and mussels.
- evidence of social differences.
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Halafian Culture of Mesopotamia
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dating from 7500 to 6700 B.P.
- not as well known
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The reasons for the evolution of social, political, and economic complexity in Mesopotamia
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- one factor cited was the need, under certain conditions, to develop an organizational structure to develop and an important factor in its perpetuation.
- control of water resources needed to expand agricultural production can be powerful incentive for such an organizational structure t…
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Olmec pattern
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- The Olmec pattern includes several elements: depictions of a half-human, half-jaguar god; the production of jade sculptures; iron-ore mirrors; the construction of expansive platforms of earth; the construction of earthen pyramids; and the carving of huge basalt boulders into the form of…
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Regal-Ritual Centers
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- San Lorenzo and La Venta
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Olmec
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can be interpreted as a common religious iconography, a standardized set of visual images that provided ideological and symbolic support for the sociopolitical system.
- the spread of Olmec iconography across a wide swath of Mesoamerica can be seen between 3,000 and 2,800 years ago.
"mo…
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San Lorenzo
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1 of the major cities of Olmec civilization
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La Venta
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One of the major cities of Olmec
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Caral
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- Modern capital of Peru
- developed in western South America more than 4,500 years ago.
- has a "truncated" or flat-topped pyramid. Piramide Mayor
- Norte Chico culture
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Chavin
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- a unifying religion about 3,000 years ago
- like Olmec, it seems to have served to bring together a large and geographically broad population under the banner of a single religious, if not political, entity.
- known for distinct and striking art style.
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Why does complexity develop in the first place?
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- the notion here is that once a complex social or political structure develops to meet an immediate and practical need, that structure might not simply disappear once the threat is eliminated, the challenge answered, or the opportunity exploited.
- complexity develops in response to con…
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Is Complexity Inevitable?
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No; food production and the surplus it makes possibly merely open a door, other factors come into play in a society's determination whether or not to pass through that portal and follow a pathway that leads to a fundamental change in how the society is organized.
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The State
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exponentially greater degree of control combined with improved technology and a larger population
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civilization
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is a culture that has developed systems
of specialization, religion, learning and government.
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Social Stratification
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division of society into levels or strata, that one does not achieve but into which one is born.
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Easter Island
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settled around 900 AD/CE
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3 proposed routes into the Americas
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1. through the ice-free corridor
2. by boat down the west coast
3. by boat via the sea ice from Europe
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Why didn't the broad-spectrum revolution happen earlier?
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- population pressure/density hypothesis
- carry capacity- the ability of the environment to sustain animals and people
- population pressure- mobility restricted and increased competition
- 13,000 BC. world population estimated at about 6.5 million
- restricted mobility and more comp…
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Early Holocene foragers
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- mesolithic (Europe)
- archaic (North America)
- Hoabinhian (China)
- Capsian (North Africa)
- small tool phase (Australia)
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Regions where agriculture developed independently
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- Eastern USA
- Central Mexico
- Northern South America (Amazonia)
- Sub-Saharan Africa)
- Fertile Crescent
- Yangzi and Yello River basins
-New Guinea Islands
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Domestication
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- human selection for particular traits
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ANTH 160A1: Anthropology Final