Anth160A1 / Exam 3 Review / Lars FogelinTerms from study guideCharacteristics of states:-Agriculture-Cities-population in the 1000’s at least -Control of large territories -extensive craft specialization-(full time specialists)-system (taxation/tribute) to transfer food to specialists- interdependence between cities and rural hinterlands-systems for record keeping-often writing, but not always (Inca Quipu)Monunmental architecture-Often for state religion with king as god-Heredity social inequality-status is born, rarely earned/ Basically kings somebody who is born ahigher status with nothing to do with themselvesEqalitarian Societies:-no groups with greater or lesser access to economic resources -hunters and gatherers (usually)Ranked Societies: -groups compete for prestige/power, but not economic resources -early agriculturalists (usually) Class Stratified Societies: -groups have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige due to heredity-state societies (usually) There are different kinds of States Primary States:-independent development (first states) Secondary states:-develop from influence of long established statesCity states:-single city with limited territory surrounding it -usually one of many city states in regionTerritorial states or Empires:-large states with many subsidiary cities-can unify an entire geographic region, or notElman Service (Primitive Social Organization 1962)Bands: associations of families of no more than 25-100 people(knit together)Tribes: clusters of bands linked by clans. Clans are group of peop linked by common ancestral ties.Chiefdoms: are still kin based but more hierarchical with power concentrated in the hands of kin leadersStates: various kinds like we listed before city, primary etc. All of these ^^^ are part of PROCESSUAL ARCH which emphasizes on human interaction with the environment as apposed biological things. Ex. Making and wearing a coat to deal with the cold Gordon Childe (1892-1952 one of most famous archeologists of the 20th cent) and Urban Revolution:- Urban Revolution is the process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies.-based on work in Mesopotamia-Technological developments (metallurgy)-craft specialists-development of social stratification based on craft specialization-those with more technical or organizational skill obtain higher status-develop resource redistribution (e.g, taxation) to bring surplus production to specialists Theories of state origin Ecology and Irrigation: -managers are needed to oversea large argricultural infrastructure and settle disputes -important factors derived from Childe’s model:-large food surpluses- diversified farming economies -irrigation -need to manage irrigation/agriculture leads to people with higher status-settle disputes between farmers -Wittfogel: hydraulic societies-irrigation as prerequisite for complex societies Technology and trade:-technological innovations (e.g., metals, wheel) and control of trade lead to states- those who control technology and trade get an advantage over others -control over redistribution -prestige goods model-emphasis on control of long distance trade -those with strong ties outside community have advantage in obtaining distant resources Warfare:-Robert Carneiro (b.1927)-Warfare plays key role in state formation-competition for resources (e.g, agricultural land) leads to constant warfare-need leaders to organize people in fighting-these people use their military knowledge and resources to force themselves as kingsCultural Systems:-A little bit of everything-feedback between multiple factors (ecology, craft specialists, warfare, agriculture, etc.)-very formal/mathematical approach-need for leaders to manage complex decision making-hierarchic organization (social stratification) seend as more efficient method of decision makingEnvironmental Change (ecological determinism- the view that the physical environment sets limits on human social development) -processual (new archaeology) -environment may be favorable for developing complexityCriticism:-ecology is seen as MAIN FACTOR for development -does not account for ecological diversity Social Theories:post-processual approach emphasizing human agency. Rejects social evolution-human agency -we are more than just what we eat-focus more on -belief/ideology-power differentials (e.g., kings and commoners)-gender-cultures chance from within (e.g, civil rights movement MLK is not the resultof climate change-Spheres of power-economic-ideological-political-GenderUruk (3rd millennium BCE)-largest city in world at the time. Was an ancient city of sumer and later babylonia Uruk Period (c. 4600-3100)-c. 4600-3500 a developing city-c. 3500 BC main ingredients for a complex society> cities, states, and writing-City=central place-Temple and Palace twin centralized institutions -private land ownership-earliest writing system Ziggurat: were massive structures built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley. -built by Ur-NammuCylinder Seals approx. 3500 BC(came before cuneiform) : is a small round cylinder, typically about one inch in length, engraved with written charactersor figurative scenes or both, used in ancient times to roll an impression onto a two-dimensional surface, generally wet clayCuneiform(c.2800 BC): one of earliest known systems of writing. Wedged shaped marks on clay tablets -mathematical equations possibly written on theseSumerians(city states) an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia. -wars, alliances marriages, trade-but shared cultural beliefs-mostly limited to elite competition-intensification of “World System”-system of trade for important non-local resources-different cities gained and lost importance Ur(city state) -royal cemetery at Ur-Ur standard (few pictures on slide pointing to chello looking object)-queen Pu-Abi’s GraveAkkadians Empire (2334-2159 BC)-city states north of sumeria -Sargon, king of Agade-conquers most of sumeria-first territorial state Mesopotamia -very unstable-territorial expansion without bureaucratic skillSargon of Agade: (2334-2279 BC)-King of Agade during ^-conquered most of sumeriaIndus Valley Civilization:-domesticated cattle, sheep, goat, wheat, barley by about 6000 BCE-Peak of state activity c. 2600-1900 BCE-Centered on two rivers-indus-Ghaggar-Hakra(now dry)-largest territory of any ancient stateMohenjo-Daro(Pakistan): built approx. 2600BCE