A Sundaland B Sahul C Wallace Trench D Laurentide E Cordilleran F McKenzie Pass Beringia G Fertile Crescent H I J K L M N O Stonehenge P Gobekli Tepe Q Jericho R Catalhoyuk S Olmec T Caral U Chavin Chapter 7 Expanding Geographic Horizons New Worlds Sundaland SE Asia Sahul Greater Australia New Guinea Wallace Trench undersea chasm between New Guinea Australia and Java Borneo 7500 m deep Wallacea sea over Wallace Trench Melanesia black islands of New Guinea Solomon Islands Archipelago Santa Cruz Fiji Vanuatu Caledonia Micronesia small islands north of Melanasia Polynesia many islands including Hawaii Easter Island New Zealand Lapita common pottery style of Polynesian Haplogroups mtDNA groupings A B C D X among Natives of N America and NE Asia Bering Land Bridge Beringia body of land between Russia and Alaska Chindadn point type by Nenana Complex in Alaska Laurentide Ice sheet E of McKenzie Corridor Cordilleran Ice sheet W of McKenzie Corridor McKenzie Corridor ice free corridor from Alaska to USA Debitage broken bits of stone produced when tools are being made Burins sharp durable stone tool used in engraving Paleoindian period culture in New World from 13 200 10 000 BP first human settlements in Americas Folsom younger smaller than Clovis longer flute extends through point Denali Complex 11 000 10 000 ya east central Alaska and stayed N wedge shaped core derived from Asian cores Nenana Complex 11 800 11 000 ya expanded S lack of wedge shaped core suggests separate older migration from Denali Clovis technology 13 200 11 900 ya continental US fluted points Earliest Occupation Archaeological Dates Sunda earliest at 900 000 ya Borneo 46 000 Flores 900 000 Homo floresensis Australia 45 000 ya Single population of from Asia from 40 000 years ago Australian lineage separate from Eurasia between 75 62 000 ya Interior Australia first occupied 22 000 years ago intermittent until 12 000 Willandra Lakes 30 20 000 ya Lake Mungo 40 000 ya New Guinea 50 000 ya Ivane Valley 49 000 and 43 000 Tasmania 35 000 ya Plesitocene of Australia South central has 41 sites Wareen Cave 35 000 ya Pacific Islands various dates Last New World in Sahul No remains of larger now extinct animals that typified 25 000 islands Lapita pottery style habitation of islands marked by pottery Pacific Ocean 1 3 of Earth s surface Most islands inhabited less than 1000 ya Fiji 3500 ya Samoa 2 500 ya Cook Islands 2 500 ya Hawaii 1219 1266 AD New Zealand 1230 1280 AD Easter Island Rapa Nui 1200 1253 AD Easter Island heads overpopulation overconsumption fall of Easter Island Eastern Siberia Arctic 40 000 ya Wedge shaped cores similar to Alaskan Denali Complex Americas 20 000 ya 28 5 of world land surface 1 500 languages dialects 2 specific mutations on Y chromosomes of Native American males found only among populations in central Siberia Beringia open for movement between 35 11 000 ya Clovis 13 200 11 900 ya continental US fluted points developed in Midwest moved towards N N American skeletons Tulum Yucatan Peninsula Mexico 13 600 ya Santa Rosa California 13 000 ya Brazil Luzia skull fragment 13 000 ya Midland Texas Midland Man actually female 11 600 ya Gault Texas 13 000 ya chert quarry workshop 66 500 fragments 5700 small bones no megafauna Spirit Cave Nevada Spirit Cave Man 9 400 ya One if by land Two if by Sea South through McKenzie Corridor Along West Coast from Siberia East Coast from N Europe Earliest E Siberian dates to 40 000 ya Native Americans separated from NE Asian natives between 25 20 000 ya 3 distinct genetic clusters Eskimos Aleut Chipewyan 3 separate waves Chapter 8 After the Ice The Food Producing Revolution Neolithic New Stone Age refers to period after 12 000 ya when agriculture domestication begins Younger Dryas Name given in Europe to stadial between 12 900 11 600 may have caused temporary abandonment due to cold Maglemosian Early Mesolithic culture of Europe adapted to forest lakeside env Star Carr site Hoabinhian SE Asian Mesolithic stone tool tradition from chipped pebbles Iberomarusians NW African 16000 ya coastal plain of Tunisia Morocco based on wild cattle gazelle Capsian NW African 10 000 ya wild sheep shellfish snails wild grains Holocene Warm Maximum 8 700 ya worldwide temps rose between 5 3 C Australian Small Tool Phase beginning 6000 ya widespread within 1000 y production of more efficient us of stone blades Sedentism pattern of settlement where community of people remain in 1 place over the year s Paleo Arctic Tradition 10 000 ya stone tool tradition in Arctic microblades detached from wedge shaped cross Lacustrine having to do with lakes Pelagic related to lives in open sea far from shore Camelids large animal including bacthrian and dromedary camels in Old World llamas alpacas guanacos vicunas in New World Littoral related to sea shore Artificial Selection directed breeding of plants animals possessing beneficial characteristics Domesticated Animal plant animal altered by humans through breeding Tamed Animal wild animal plant trained to cooperate with humans Fertile Crescent crescent shaped region from E Mediterranean coast N to Israel S to Persian Gulf abundance of wild cereal grain beginning of Holocene 1st domestication of plants Natufian Middle Eastern culture from 13 000 9 000 ya Mediterranean woodland wild wheat barley Complex foraging system of hunting animals gathering plants focus on few highly productive resources collected and stored leads to sedentary Levant eastern shore of Mediterranean Greece Turkey Syria Lebanon Israel Egypt Legume fruits that grow in a pod that splits along the seams to reveal seeds beans Emmer variety of wheat cultivated wheat in modern world Einkorn variety of wheat not a significant crop these days Teosinte wild ancestor of domesticated maize Microband small co habiting groups of people who move together seasonally 10 15 Macroband hunter gatherer groups of 25 75 people interact regularly may intermarry conduct group hunts share resources Qadan 15 11 00 ya sites along Nile in Egypt reliance on fishing hunting collection of wild grains microblades Peiligang Earliest Neolithic culture in N China 8500 7000 ya well established farming villages Yangshao Early Neolithic culture of China 7000 ya planned out settlements based on cultivation of foxtail millet domesticated rice appears Jomon Ancient Japanese culture 13000 ya foragers relied on wild animals wild plant allowed for dense populations and complex social patterns Phytolith microscopic inorganic particles