Lecture 4 ANTH 160A1Outline of Last Lecture 1. Evaluation of PhasesOutline of Current Lecture 2. Origins of HumansCurrent LectureBrixham cave devonshire - explored under the auspices of the royal and geological societies, and under the watchful eyes of the foremost geologists and paleontologists of the day.Man's flint implements laid with the remains of mammoths, rhinoceros and cave lion in the third level.These convinced geologists of the antiquity of man and his coexistence with extinct animals.On the origin of species by means of natural selection - Charles Darwin 19th centuryEarlier in the 19th cent. Darwin set off on his HMS beagle expedition to the Galápagos Islands. There, based on earlier discussions with his colleagues (Lyell and A wallace) and observations of the Galapagos fauna (Tortoises and mockingbirds) he formulated his principle of natural selection. Alfred russell wallace - co discoverer with charles darwin of the principle of natural selection.Their idea was presented by John Bennett before the Linnaean Society of London in July 1858 entitled: On the tendency of species to form varieties;Sir charles Lyell - Geological evidences of the antiquity of man: brought together lyells views on 3 key themes from the geology of the quaternary period of earth history: glaciers, evolution, and the age of the human raceCharles Darwin - The descent of Man and selection in relation to sex - darwin here pursued the emergences of Homo sapiensHuman Social evolution 19th cent:Lewis Henry Morgan - Ancient society or researches in the lines of human progress from savagery, through barbarism to civilization 1877Herbert Spencer - it was spencer not darwin who popularized the term evolution itself and coined the phrase survival of the fittest. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection can also be applied to human social institutions* This was a justification for prevailing ideology of social inequalitySocial darwinism and Unilinear cultural evolution:1. Each new stage was an improvement on the one that had preceded it and2. the pattern of progress was driven by a kind of social darwinismsocial darwinism - less efficient kinds of social organization were supplemented by more advanced social forms - a unilinear cultural evolution modelSocial Darwinism and Unilinear cultural evolution:These theorists were ethnocentric - their assessment of the developmental stages of other societies was heavily biased by their assumption that contemporary western culture representedHistory of Archaeology: New WorldAmerican archaeology developed mainly from the social sciences anthropology and an interest in native americanscolumbus landing in the Americas in 1492The question of Mounds and moundbuildersMounds date from 4000 to 500 years ago in the us, and range from small conical burial mounds,effigy mounds, and huge platform mound centers (e.g. cahokia in illinois) with ceremonial structures built on top.Moundbuilder myth - very ethnocentric and racist idea that these fantastic structures could not have been built by these savages.Thomas Jefferson - first scientific excavation on the history of american archaeology 1784Caleb atwater - archaeologia americana 1820Surveyed burial mounds and earthworks around circleville, ohio (valuable since they are now gone)Little interest in contentsMaintained that the mounds were built by Hindus from India that later moved to MexicoEphriam Squier - 1848Excavated over 200 mounds in the mississippi valleyBelieved NAs were hunters adverse to labor and therefore incapable of building the mounds.Thus maintaining the myth of an intrusive race of mound buildersSamuel HavenThe archaeology of the United States (1856) Disagreeing with Atwater and Squier, he argued NA ancestors had built the moundsAlso first to use cranial and physical characteristics to argue NA had asiatic ancestryJohn Wesley PowellHe grew up a looter dug several mounds learning geology and typing artifactsAdvocate for NA rights - recommended reservations, began recording tribal historiesHired William Henry holmes to settle mound builder debateWilliam Henry HolmesDrew and manufactured "paleoliths"Recognized stone tools as old, but were they paleolithic old or artifacts of NA ancestors?Classified aboriginal potter, ruins, and shell of the Cahoika mound