HIST 2020: EXAM 1
78 Cards in this Set
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Southern Defiance
1) elections
2) state constitutional conventions
3) black codes
4) riots/violence
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1) former confederates to state positions
2) slow to repudiate, 13th Amendment, slavery dead
3) racial segregation, restriction rules
4) "uppity" blacks attacked
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Rutherford B Hayes
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19 vote dispute vs Tilden - Congress elected 15 person commission to investigate
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Compromise of 1877
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ended the presidential dispute, pulled troops out of South, ended Recontruction
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How freedmen demonstrated freedom
1) movement
2) marriage
3) education
4) church
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1) left plantations, look for other family members
2) many remarried by proper authorities
3) way of advancement
4) departed white churches, established their own
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Sharecropping
1) advantages
2) disadvantages
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Advantages
- free of white control, less supervision
- invested in crops, partners with plantation owner
- controlled own schedule and work, contract w/ owner
- planters provided supplies, food, medical care
Disadvantages
- dishonest practices by plantation owner, bookkeepers
- a…
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Customs of Indians on Great Plains
1) nomadic/semi-sedentary
2) kinship
3) no private property ownership
4) women
5) animism
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1) always on the move, followed the buffalo
2) kinship very important, very extended families (clan)
3) no private property ownership
4) women did much of work, men hunted
5) plants/animals had souls, no wasting
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exodusters
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former slaves moved to Kansas to escape the South
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Impact of White Intrusion on Indians
1) increased white migration
2) atrocities
3) Sioux example
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1) moved out West to become farmers, build railroad
2) look down on Indians, didn't understand them
3) reservation solution - gov't imposed to make indians more white
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Dawes Act
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- abolish tribal government
- redistributed reservation plots to nuclear families to farm
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Social Darwinism
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influenced Native American humanitarians at Americanizing Indians
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Wovoka
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Pagan Indian that proclaimed he went to heaven in a trance and learned that thing will go back to normal before White intrusion
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Ghost Dance
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performed to get into a trance as proclaimed by Wovoka
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Wounded Knee massacre
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- trading post on Sioux reservation
- US Army takes matters in their own hands in fear that Ghost Dance overload
- last resistance that occurred between Indians and US
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Homestead Act
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- surveyed land from West and divided it into plots for sale
- if you decide to "improve" that land, its yours FREE
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Morrill Land Grant Act
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- every state got land for each member of Congress they had and supposed to establish college on that land
- or sell it using that money to establish or support a college (land grant institution)
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Trancontinental Railroad Act
1) Union Pacific
2) Central Pacific
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1) started in Omaha and went westward to Utah, hired mostly Irish
2) started in Sacramento and west eastward toward Utah, hired mostly Chinese
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Chinese laborers
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- very industrious, better workers than Irish
- hired mostly in CA due to the gold mine
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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prohibited ALL immigration from China
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Life on Frontier
1) difficult and isolated
2) frontier communities
3) sod houses
4) women
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1) not a lot of wood/forest, little rainfall, nothing there
2) church
3) house made of tall grasses and grains
4) Congress saw how hard they work, granted them right to vote
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John Muir
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lobbied Congress to set aside land for national parks
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Why Industrialization occurred
1) resources
2) transportation
3) labor
4) capital
5) gov't sympathetic to business
6) risk taking industrialists, inventive spirit
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1) coal, iron, timber, people willing to use them
2) rivers, canals, railroad
3) immigration provided workers
4) money available
5) laissez faire (no interference, let things happen)
6) Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt
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Jay Gould (3)-
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- president of Union Pacific Railroad
- ruthless in expanding industry, squeezed out competition (false rumors, price discrimination)
- little regulation - anything goes atmosphere
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Andrew Carnegie (5)
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- president of Carnegie Steel Company
- characteristics of Gould - ruthless, hard on employees
- vertical integration - controlled EVERY ASPECT of production process
- Triumphant Democracy - argues competition is good (most fittest/creative survive)
- "Gospel of Wealth" - industriali…
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JD Rockefeller
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wanted to control industry by same tactics as Gould and Carnegie
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Pools and Trusts
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1) pool - several different businesses agree to group together to limit competition and maximize profits
2) trust - several companies under one board of director
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Interstate Commerce Act (3)
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- targeted railroad companies
- outlawed pools and kickbacks
- establishes interstate commerce commission
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Interstate Commerce Commission (3)
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- overseas businesses that cross state lines (like railroad)
- overseas railroad practices
- issues seize and assist orders
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Sherman Anti-trust Act
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- companies prohibited in engaging practices that restrain trade - very vague
- outlaws trusts - but companies find ways around it
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New Immigrants (5)
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- Eastern/Southern Europe, catholic or jewish, poor and uneducated
- don't speak English
- huddle in cites, don't want to embrace American value
- believed they aren't offering anything to US
- become unskilled laborers in factories
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Haymarket Square
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- Chicago International Harvester plant strike
- workers protested and led a march, police arrive
- bomb killed officer and gunfire insues
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Turmoil of urban life
1) overcrowded cities
2) lawlessness
3) white, native born, middle class Protestants concern
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1) substandard housing, noise, pollution, infant mortality
2) crime, conmen, corruption, prostitution, recklessness
3) blamed all strikes and violence on immigrants
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social gospel
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1) religious leaders/groups respond to illness of cities
2) focused on meeting basic needs of poor
3) YMCA, Salvation Army
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Settlement House Movement (3)
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- women (white, native born, middle class Protestants) wanted to help poor immigrants
- purchase settlement houses and lived there to help immigrants (teach English, provide nursery and school)
- lobbied local gov't to help out immigrants
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Jane Addams
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the Hull House
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American Federation of Labor (AFL) (3)
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- led by Samuel Gompers, called for practical things (better wages, hours, and working conditions)
- restricted membership to skilled laborers only (more bargaining power)
- joined with CIO (Congress of Industrial Organization)
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Why Unionization was unsuccessful (3)
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- risk associated with joining
- pay union dues, thought to be un-American
- companies hired different nationalities - can't understand each other
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Farmer's problems
1) economic difficulties
2) demand inflation
3) attempt to organize
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1) low prices for crops, costs increasing
2) increase price of good makes money less valuable, inflation good for debtors (goods cost more, need to sell less to payback debt)
3) losing political power, organize with each other
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The Grange
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social gathering to discuss economic/political wellbeing of farmers
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Populist Movement
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revolt by farmers against gov't for ignoring their interests, form the Populist Party
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Greenback Movement
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calling for printing of money, will cause inflation
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Omaha Platform (4)
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- goal to return gov't hands to plain people
- call for coinage of silver, gov't should take over railroad ownership
- graduated income tax - the more you make, pay more
- direct election of Senators
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Plessy vs Ferguson
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- blacks thought it was unlawful they are separated from whites, basing it off 14th Amendment
- court argues - as long as facilities are equal, they can be separate
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Booker T Washington (3)
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- born a slave, worked hard to acquired education and improved his life
- founded institute for educating former slaves
- through self help, you can overcome racism
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WEB Du Bois
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- very well educated, disagreed with Washington
- don't tolerate racism, fight against it
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Causes of American Imperialism
1) worldwide expansion
2) access to markets/raw materials
3) Christian missionary effort
4) Great Nation Theory
5) American mission
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1) European countries expanding, American wants too
2) overseas market for manufactured goods, productivity outrunning demand in US
3) spread Christianity across the world
4) Alfren Mahan (Influence of Sea Power Upon History) - great nations were seafaring powers that had colonies and …
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War with Spain (4)
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- Spain controlled Cuba, Cuba tries to overthrow them, Cubans put in concentration camps
- President McKinley sent USS Maine to protect American interest and Americans, bomb destroys ship and thought to be a Spanish attack
- Congress authorizes US intervention. Teller Amendment and Plat…
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American Filipino War
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- US challenged the Philippines and won it from Spain, but Filipinos rebelled, US resorted to tactics used by Spain on them
- War lasted until Aquinaldo was captured. US built schools, roads, factories, etc. Prepared Philippines for their independence
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Emilio Aquinaldo
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Filipino president, led forces against the Americans
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Teller Amendment
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pledged not to annex Cuba
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Platt Amendment
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US had right to intervene in Cuban affairs to protects is independence and democracy
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1) Direct Primary
2) Initiative
3) Recall
4) Referendum
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1) let voters decide, highest vote = nominee
2) allow voters to propose new ideas
3) petition needed to remove elected official
4) direct vote where entire electorate is asked to vote on a particular proposal
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Margaret Sanger
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- educated women about preventing pregnancy, was arrested
- when she got out, opened first birth control clinic
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Carrie A Nation
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opposed alcohol and attacked alcohol-serving establishments
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Carrie Chapman
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- formed NAWSA
- The Winning Plan - convince gov't state by state to grand women right to vote
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16th Amendment
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income tax
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17th Amendment
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people of the states elected US Senators
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18th Amendment
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prohibited the manufacturing, transportation, and sale of alcohol
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19th Amendment
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granted women right to vote
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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called for accurate labeling of food and drugs
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Meat Inspection Act
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prevent meat products from being processed under sanitary conditions
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Federal Trade Commission Act
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prevent unfair business practices and protect consumers
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Federal Reserve Act
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- established current federal reserve system
- make/issue money, set interest rates for banks
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Hepburn Act
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gave ICC power to set maximum railroad rates
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Panama Canal
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- TR wants to finish the canal started by the French, Colombia owned it, wanted US to pay more
- TR refuses and sends in the Navy
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Woodrow Wilson (D) (2)
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- From VA, PhD in history, president of Princeton
- Underwood-Simmons Tariff - lowers tariff
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William McKinley (3)
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- sent USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interest during war with Spain
- McKinley Tariff - tax placed on foreign goods (makes goods more expensive)
- assassinated and TR becomes president
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Theodore Roosevelt (R) (4)
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- very energetic, loved the attention, a reformer
- Square Deal - ensured both sides working out fair bargain (consumers and corporates)
- Trustbuster - break up trusts that were unwilling to cooperate with gov't
- spoke on racial issues and was a conservationist
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William H Taft (R) (3)
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- hand picked by TR , but no TR at all, under the radar
- did things that angered TR and Americans
- broke up more trusts, opened land that TR set aside
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"Bull Moose" Party
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- TR runs for president again because he's mad at what Taft has done
- Taft and TR both R, so TR forms his own 3rd party
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Why US entered WWI (3)
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- 4 years after WWI started
- cultural/historical ties
- economic ties
- unrestricted submarine warfare
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Lusitania
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passenger vessel ship sunk by Germany
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Committee on Public Information
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created to influence US public opinion regarding American participation in WWI
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Espionage Act and Sedition Amendment
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1) Espionage Act - prohibited interference with military operations, prevent insubordination, prevent support of US enemies during wartime
2) Sedition Amendment - extended Espionage Act to cover broader ranges of offense
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African Americans in WWI
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- blacks served in AEF - given remedial tasks (driving truck, cooks)
- Germans tried to get them to desert the US
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League of Nations
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intergovernmental organization whose mission was to maintain world peace
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13th Amendment
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abolished slavery
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14th Amendment
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protect rights of freedmen
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15th Amendment
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prohibited denial of suffrage to anyone because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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HIST 2020: American History