80 Cards in this Set
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Anthropology
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scientific study of humans
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Ethnocentrism
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judging of another culture/culture trait by your own cultures standards, assuming your culture is correct
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Cultural Relativism
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attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's problems and opportunities
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Female genital mutilation
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example of cultural relativism
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Holistic
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vision of anthropology, whole rather than parts
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Participant Observation
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fieldwork method most closely associated with anthropology
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participate in daily activities and learn the language
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two ways in which anthropologists conduct participant observation
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LEARN THE LANGUAGE
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the best way to learn about a culture is to____
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physical, cultural, archaeology, linguistics
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4 branches of anthropology
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Culture
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-set of rules/standards LEARNED and SHARED by members of a society
-abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world
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-strike a balance between the self-interests of individuals and the needs of society as a whole
-have the capacity to change in order to adopt new circumstances
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function/job of a culture
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0
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you inherited ___% of what you learned
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growing up in it!
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you learn culture by____
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Sub Culture
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-occupational groups
-social class in stratified societies
-ethnic groups in some societies
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Enculturation
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to adapt to the prevailing cultural patterns of one's society; taught to us by our child caregivers
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Culture Traits
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any trait of humans acquired in social life and transmitted by communication/language, sound, or gesture
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the middle finger
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example of a culture trait
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Society
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group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share the same cultural tradition
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HUMAN
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there is one race, the ____ race
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NO
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Is there a direct relationship between culture and race?
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air, water, food, shelter, security, companionship, sexual gratification
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7 human needs
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Theory
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an advanced hypothesis that is generally accepted, but not completely supported
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E.B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan
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two Social Evolutionist Theorists
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-culture evolved from simple to complex and all society passed through 3 basic stages
-savagery, barbarism, civilization
-"progress" possible for all
-no such thing as "social evolution"
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E.B. Tylor's Social Evolutionist Theory
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-development of a family: as a lawyer, thought logically, devised six stages that a family went through
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Lewis Henry Morgan's Social Evolutionist Theory
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ethnocentric
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Tylor and Morgan's Theories were____
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Smith, Perry, Rivers
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3 British Diffusionists
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-aspects of higher culture originated from one place
-place was Egypt because it was culturally and agriculturally advanced; Egyptian culture diffused throughout the world
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Diffusionist Theory for Smith, Perry, Rivers
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Frederick Ratzel, Fritz Grabner, Father Wilhelm Schmidt
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3 German-Austrian Diffusionists
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-existence and diffusion of several different cultural complexes and those cultural traits can diffuse as a group as well as singly, over a great distance
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Ratzel, Grabner, and Schmidt's Diffusionist Theory
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Franz Boas
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Father of American Anthropology
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DO FIELDWORK DON'T THEORIZE
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Franz Boas' Claim
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Bronislaw Malinowski
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Functionalism Theorist
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-All culture traits serve the needs of individuals in a society
-Culture traits satisfy basic needs at first and later satisfy derived needs of the society
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Malinowski's Functionalism Theory
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Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
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Structural Functionalism Theorist
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-function of a culture trait is its ability to satisfy some basic or derived need of the members of the group
-various aspects of social behavior maintain a society's social structure, rather than satisfying individual needs
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Radcliffe-Brown's Structural Functionalism Theory
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Claude Levi-Strauss
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French Structuralism Theorist
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-origins of societal systems
-culture expressed through art and ritual
-human thought contrasts pairs of polar opposites (good v. bad)
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Levi-Strauss' Structuralism Theory
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Behavioral Ecology
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study of how all kinds of behavior may be related to the environment
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Cultural Ecology
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analysis of the relationship between a culture and its environment
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Political Economy
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study of how external forces, particularly powerful state societies, explain the way a society changes and adapts the impact of external political and economic processes on local events and cultures
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Language
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-system of sounds and gestures which when put together according to certain rules results in meanings that are intelligible to all speakers
-communication is symbol of information
-transmits information: sender and receiver
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Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis
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language is not simply an encoding process for voicing our ideas and needs, but is rather a shaping force, which by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in certain ways- it guides their thinking and behavior
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Morph
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the smallest unit of a language that has a meaning
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Phone
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the smallest class of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language
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Pidgin
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communication (a language) of trade and commerce, does NOT have form and syntax- gets the direction across
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Creole
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a pidgin to which form and syntax has been added to form a complete language
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hunters, gatherers, fisher people
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3 main types of food getting techniques
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horticulturists
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a number of small plots of land planted, to come to harvest at different times in the year, securing a yearly food supply
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pastoralists
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-humans who raise and follow a herd of animals in a yearly migration, meeting their food needs by: drinking the blood and milk of the animals they raise and follow and by trading with sedentary people
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politics; men going to farm together led to political organization
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food getting has everything to do with ____
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reciprocity
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give and take, three forms- generalized, balanced, negative
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generalized reciprocity
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gift giving without immediate planned return
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balanced reciprocity
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straight forward; immediate, or time-limited
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negative reciprocity
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to get something for nothing or less than its worth
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Potlatch
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-leveling device through reciprocity
-American Indians
-chief and group give away blankets, copper, canoes, food to their guests, invited to another potlatch
-redistribution
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Nuu-Chah-Nulth
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-hunter gatherers
-NW coast of North America
-seasonal rounds
-potlatch
-practiced both passive and active resource management-stocked salmon; thanked spirits for resources
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Mbuti
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-hunter gatherers with mutualistic relationship with agriculturalists (Bila)
-Africa
-forest considered center of life
-non-materialistic
-divided into bands
-passive management and manipulation
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Bila
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-agriculturalists
-neighbors to Mbuti
-consider Mbuti as property
-want Mbuti to settle- offer them woman and land
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Environmental Manipulation
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-large-scale change made to the environment by humans
-active and passive
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Active Environmental Manipulation
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hands-on, purposeful modification of landscapes to achieve a goal; burning, agricultural clearing, alteration of water systems
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Passive Environmental Manipulation
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ritual activities to effect control and change; ceremonies, stewardship
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Resource Management
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the management of specific resources
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Active Resource Management
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resources are controlled to ensure productivity
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Passive Resource Management
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resources managed without direct physical contact
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Kula Ring
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-balanced reciprocity
-Trobriard Islands
-Malinowski
-involves Soulava and Mwali
-the Big Man is able to conduct trade with other islands when he has possession of either a Mwali or Soulava
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Soulava
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-red shell necklace
-moves clockwise around Kula ring
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Mwali
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-white shell armband
-moves counterclockwise around Kula ring
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Adaptation
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process by which organisms cope with environmental stress
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Pich
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-agricultural-Mayan Village
-where Faust conducts fieldwork
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The Ejido Land
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form of collective land ownership with individual usufruct rights, based on indigenous customs
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Physiological Adaptation
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relatively short-term changes in the body in response to rapid changes in the environment
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Anatomical Adaptation
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long-term genetic changes in genotype and phenotype due to selective pressures
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Cultural Adaptation
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the collective behavior and technology to deal with the environment
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Rational Choice (Theory)
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people decide how to achieve their goals on the basis of deliberate, individual consideration of all available information
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Seasonal Round
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the system of timing and movement of groups across the landscape to acquire resources
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Fission (Seasonal Round)
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a group splits up into several smaller groups that separate from the larger group; splitting
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Fusion (Seasonal Round)
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groups come back together again; joining
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Demographic Transition
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-dramatic change in population growth occurs whenever previously isolated societies first came into contact with the industrialized West
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Optimization Model
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-used to explain some aspects of behavior related to the utilization of resources, usually on a least-cost basis
-4 models: diet breadth, patch choice, central place foraging, liner programming
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EST 200: FINAL EXAM