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EST 200: EXAM 1
Anthropology |
scientific study of humans
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Ethnocentrism |
judging of another culture/culture trait by your own cultures standards, assuming your culture is correct
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Cultural Relativism |
attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's problems and opportunities
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Female genital mutilation |
example of cultural relativism
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Holistic |
vision of anthropology, whole rather than parts
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Participant Observation |
fieldwork method most closely associated with anthropology
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participate in daily activities and learn the language |
two ways in which anthropologists conduct participant observation
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LEARN THE LANGUAGE |
the best way to learn about a culture is to____
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physical, cultural, archaeology, linguistics |
4 branches of anthropology
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Culture |
-set of rules/standards LEARNED and SHARED by members of a society
-abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world
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-strike a balance between the self-interests of individuals and the needs of society as a whole
-have the capacity to change in order to adopt new circumstances |
function/job of a culture
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0 |
you inherited ___% of what you learned
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growing up in it! |
you learn culture by____
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Sub Culture |
-occupational groups
-social class in stratified societies
-ethnic groups in some societies
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Enculturation |
to adapt to the prevailing cultural patterns of one's society; taught to us by our child caregivers
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Culture Traits |
any trait of humans acquired in social life and transmitted by communication/language, sound, or gesture
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the middle finger |
example of a culture trait
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Society |
group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share the same cultural tradition
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HUMAN |
there is one race, the ____ race
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NO |
Is there a direct relationship between culture and race?
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air, water, food, shelter, security, companionship, sexual gratification |
7 human needs
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Theory |
an advanced hypothesis that is generally accepted, but not completely supported
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E.B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan |
two Social Evolutionist Theorists
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-culture evolved from simple to complex and all society passed through 3 basic stages
-savagery, barbarism, civilization
-"progress" possible for all
-no such thing as "social evolution" |
E.B. Tylor's Social Evolutionist Theory
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-development of a family: as a lawyer, thought logically, devised six stages that a family went through |
Lewis Henry Morgan's Social Evolutionist Theory
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ethnocentric |
Tylor and Morgan's Theories were____
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Smith, Perry, Rivers |
3 British Diffusionists
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-aspects of higher culture originated from one place
-place was Egypt because it was culturally and agriculturally advanced; Egyptian culture diffused throughout the world |
Diffusionist Theory for Smith, Perry, Rivers
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Frederick Ratzel, Fritz Grabner, Father Wilhelm Schmidt |
3 German-Austrian Diffusionists
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-existence and diffusion of several different cultural complexes and those cultural traits can diffuse as a group as well as singly, over a great distance |
Ratzel, Grabner, and Schmidt's Diffusionist Theory
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Franz Boas |
Father of American Anthropology
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DO FIELDWORK DON'T THEORIZE |
Franz Boas' Claim
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Bronislaw Malinowski |
Functionalism Theorist
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-All culture traits serve the needs of individuals in a society
-Culture traits satisfy basic needs at first and later satisfy derived needs of the society |
Malinowski's Functionalism Theory
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Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown |
Structural Functionalism Theorist
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-function of a culture trait is its ability to satisfy some basic or derived need of the members of the group
-various aspects of social behavior maintain a society's social structure, rather than satisfying individual needs |
Radcliffe-Brown's Structural Functionalism Theory
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Claude Levi-Strauss |
French Structuralism Theorist
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-origins of societal systems
-culture expressed through art and ritual
-human thought contrasts pairs of polar opposites (good v. bad) |
Levi-Strauss' Structuralism Theory
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Behavioral Ecology |
study of how all kinds of behavior may be related to the environment
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Cultural Ecology |
analysis of the relationship between a culture and its environment
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Political Economy |
study of how external forces, particularly powerful state societies, explain the way a society changes and adapts the impact of external political and economic processes on local events and cultures
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Language |
-system of sounds and gestures which when put together according to certain rules results in meanings that are intelligible to all speakers
-communication is symbol of information
-transmits information: sender and receiver
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Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis |
language is not simply an encoding process for voicing our ideas and needs, but is rather a shaping force, which by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in certain ways- it guides their thinking and behavior
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Morph |
the smallest unit of a language that has a meaning
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Phone |
the smallest class of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language
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Pidgin |
communication (a language) of trade and commerce, does NOT have form and syntax- gets the direction across
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Creole |
a pidgin to which form and syntax has been added to form a complete language
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hunters, gatherers, fisher people |
3 main types of food getting techniques
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horticulturists |
a number of small plots of land planted, to come to harvest at different times in the year, securing a yearly food supply
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pastoralists |
-humans who raise and follow a herd of animals in a yearly migration, meeting their food needs by: drinking the blood and milk of the animals they raise and follow and by trading with sedentary people
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politics; men going to farm together led to political organization |
food getting has everything to do with ____
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reciprocity |
give and take, three forms- generalized, balanced, negative
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generalized reciprocity |
gift giving without immediate planned return
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balanced reciprocity |
straight forward; immediate, or time-limited
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negative reciprocity |
to get something for nothing or less than its worth
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Potlatch |
-leveling device through reciprocity
-American Indians
-chief and group give away blankets, copper, canoes, food to their guests, invited to another potlatch
-redistribution
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Nuu-Chah-Nulth |
-hunter gatherers
-NW coast of North America
-seasonal rounds
-potlatch
-practiced both passive and active resource management-stocked salmon; thanked spirits for resources
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Mbuti |
-hunter gatherers with mutualistic relationship with agriculturalists (Bila)
-Africa
-forest considered center of life
-non-materialistic
-divided into bands
-passive management and manipulation
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Bila |
-agriculturalists
-neighbors to Mbuti
-consider Mbuti as property
-want Mbuti to settle- offer them woman and land
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Environmental Manipulation |
-large-scale change made to the environment by humans
-active and passive
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Active Environmental Manipulation |
hands-on, purposeful modification of landscapes to achieve a goal; burning, agricultural clearing, alteration of water systems
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Passive Environmental Manipulation |
ritual activities to effect control and change; ceremonies, stewardship
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Resource Management |
the management of specific resources
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Active Resource Management |
resources are controlled to ensure productivity
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Passive Resource Management |
resources managed without direct physical contact
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Kula Ring |
-balanced reciprocity
-Trobriard Islands
-Malinowski
-involves Soulava and Mwali
-the Big Man is able to conduct trade with other islands when he has possession of either a Mwali or Soulava
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Soulava |
-red shell necklace
-moves clockwise around Kula ring
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Mwali |
-white shell armband
-moves counterclockwise around Kula ring
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Adaptation |
process by which organisms cope with environmental stress
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Pich |
-agricultural-Mayan Village
-where Faust conducts fieldwork
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The Ejido Land |
form of collective land ownership with individual usufruct rights, based on indigenous customs
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Physiological Adaptation |
relatively short-term changes in the body in response to rapid changes in the environment
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Anatomical Adaptation |
long-term genetic changes in genotype and phenotype due to selective pressures
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Cultural Adaptation |
the collective behavior and technology to deal with the environment
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Rational Choice (Theory) |
people decide how to achieve their goals on the basis of deliberate, individual consideration of all available information
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Seasonal Round |
the system of timing and movement of groups across the landscape to acquire resources
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Fission (Seasonal Round) |
a group splits up into several smaller groups that separate from the larger group; splitting
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Fusion (Seasonal Round) |
groups come back together again; joining
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Demographic Transition |
-dramatic change in population growth occurs whenever previously isolated societies first came into contact with the industrialized West
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Optimization Model |
-used to explain some aspects of behavior related to the utilization of resources, usually on a least-cost basis
-4 models: diet breadth, patch choice, central place foraging, liner programming
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