86 Cards in this Set
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collective goods problem
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the problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributed to it
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dominance
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force something upon someone else
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reciprocity
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The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
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identity
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one's sense of being, belonging to a group
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international security
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subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war and peace
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international political economy (IPE)
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The study of the intersection of politics and economics that illuminates why changes occur in the distribution of states’ wealth and power.
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North-South Gap
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the disparity in resources (income, wealth, and power) between the industrialized, relatively rich countries of the West (and the former East) and the poorer countries of Africa, the Middle East, and much of Asia and Latin America
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League of Nations
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Set up in 1920 with aims to:
Prevent aggression by any nation
Encourage co-operation between nations
Work towards international disarmament
Improve the living/working conditions of all peoples.
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Munich Agreement
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1938 Treaty in which the leading powers of western europe allowed Hitler to annex strategic areas of Czechoslovakia in order to satisfy his territorial aspirations ( strategy of appeasement)
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appeasment
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policy trying to keep peace by accepting demands of the aggressor
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Cold War
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the ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that was conducted between 1946 and 1991
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Marshall plan
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the large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to combat the spread of Soviet communism
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Containment
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was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
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Proxy wars
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these were wars that were fought on the border of the USA and the USSR by other countries. They were local or regional wars during the Cold War. The superpowers armed, trained and financed the wars
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realism
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believes that everyone is looking out for themselves and power is the main thing they want
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Thomas Hobbes
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Believed people are naturally cruel; wrote about the social contract, in which people give up the state of nature in favor of an organized society
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fungible
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interchangeable; (of goods contracted for without an individual specimen being specified) able to replace or be replaced by another identical item;
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Anarchy
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the absence of government
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popular sovereignty
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Basic principle of the American sys which asserts that the people are term of government the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with consent of the governed.
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Security Dilemma
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the idea that when one state enhances its power for security, this leads other states to do the same, thereby undermining security for all.
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balance of power
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distribution of power in which no nation can economically or militarily dominate another
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power transition theory
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a theory that the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy, when a rising power is surpassing (or threatening to surpass) the most powerful state.
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Treaty of Westphilia
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Seperated church and state on the level of World politics, beginning in Europe. Rise of Modern nation states and the introduction of sovereignty.
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Non-aligned movement
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Group of states considering themselves not aligned with a major power bloc
Purpose: to ensure sovereignty and solidarity in a struggle against foreign interference
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Deterrence
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the development and maintenance of military strength as a means of discouraging attack
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compellence
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the use of force to make another actor take some action (rather than, as in deterrence, refrain from taking an action)
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Arms Race
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qa reciprocal process in which two or more states build up military capabilities in response to each other
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Rational Actors
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actors conceived of as single entities that can "think" about their actions coherently, make choices, identify their interests, and rank the interests in terms of priority
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Game theory
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the study of strategic decisions under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence
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prisoners dilemma
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mutual cooperation leads to a relatively moderate benefit to both players, if only one player cooperates - then the cooperator gets no benefit and the non-cooperator gets a large benefit. this illustrates the benefits and costs of cooperation
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Collective Security
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A security regimes agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a a collective response from the rest.
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democratic peace theory
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the assertion that as more countries become democratic, the likelihood that they will enter conflict with one another decreases
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Constructivism
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View that emphasizes the active role of the learner in the building understanding and making sense of information
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postmodernism
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an approach that denies the existence of a single fixed reality, and pays special attention to texts and to discourses- that is, to how people talk and write about the subject
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Marxism
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a branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches
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lenin's theory of imperialism
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european capitalists invested in colonies to make large profits...meanwhile "bought off" workers at home to keep them from revolting
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Peace studies
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seeks to shift the focus of IR away from the interstate level of analysis and toward a broad conception of social relationships at the individual, domestic, and global levels of analysis
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normative bias
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when one imposes their own morals, beliefs and norms onto policy.
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mediation
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settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party
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Arbitration
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the settling of a dispute by submitting it to a disinterested third party (other than a court), who renders a decision that is (most often) legally binding
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militarism
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glorification of the military
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positive peace
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peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war by
removing structural violence
rid militaristic culture
creating justice
building structures of peaceful conflict resolution
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Structural Violence
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a term used by some scholars to refer to poverty, hunger, oppression, and other social and economic sources of conflict
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nonviolence
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active process, unwavering commitment to peaceful process and justice, tool of the powerless
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liberal feminist
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men/women equal
women likely to behave like men in a similar context
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postmodernist feminist
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critical of difference feminists. glorifying traditional femininity, women ignores power construction, uncovering the influence of gender
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Rational Decision-Making Model
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Clarify goal
order goal(by importance)
list alternative actions
investigate consequences
choose based on best outcome
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Organizational Process Model
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a decision-making model in which policy makers or lower-level officials rely largely on standardized responses or standard operating procedures
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Government Bargaining Model
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a model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from a bargaining process among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome
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Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
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Established procedure for action used for programmed decisions that specifies exactly what should be done.
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misperception
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Khrushcev: "we will bury you" seen as threat
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affective bias
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emotions impact decision
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cognitive dissonance
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an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
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The Dollar Auction
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Winner pays the high bid, loser has to pay his bid but gets nothing
**Illustrates the concept of Escalation Of Committment
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Enemy Image
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belief that another country is inherently threatening and immoral.
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mirror-image perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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Selective Perception
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tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations
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Optimizing
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achieving the best possible balance among several goals
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satisfying
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just doing enough "the bare minimum"
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groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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solomon ash experiment
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you conform to the group in fear of negative consequences.
-line test
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Heuristics
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simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allows us to make decisions more easily
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enlightened self-interest
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theory that holds that doing what is right for yourself will probably be right for others
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Diversionary Foreign Policy
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adopting a foreign policy to distract public attention from domestic issues
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Hegemonic War
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A war over control over the entire world order; world war
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total war
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the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort
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limited war
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military actions that seek objectives short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
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civil war
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conflict between citizens of the same country
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guerrilla war
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warfare without front lines
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Fascism
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government system led by a dictator that has complete power
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ethnic groups
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large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties and a common identity
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fundamentalism
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the practice of emphasizing literal interpretation of texts and a "return" to a time of greater religious purity; represented by the most conservative group within any religion.
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nuremberg trials
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series of trials in 1945 conducted by an international military tribunal in which former nazi leader were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
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Secular Politics
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Politics created apart from religious establishments
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Irredentism
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A state or national policy of reclaiming lost lands or those inhabited by people of the same ethnicity in another nation-state
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secession
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n
withdrawal from union
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Ethnic Cleansing
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Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
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"telling" Northern Ireland
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being trained and raised to realize who was a on your side and who was an enemy
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four methods of dehumanization
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naming
vilification
treatment
training
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selective distortion
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A process whereby a consumer changes or distorts information that conflicts with his or her feelings or beliefs
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What is Insurgency?
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the organized use of subversion and violence by a group or movement that seeks to overthrow or force change of governing authority.
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counterinsurgency
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an effort to combat guerrilla armies, often including programs to "win the hearts and minds" of rural populations so that they stop sheltering guerrillas
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logistical support
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food, fuel, and weapons & ammunition that military operations rely heavily on.
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weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
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biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons
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Strategic Defense Initiative SDI
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a US effort, aka "Star Wars," to develop defenses that could shoot down incoming ballistic missiles, spurred by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. Critics call it an expensive failure that will likely be ineffective
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Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CTBT
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1996 a treaty that bans all nuclear weapons testing, thereby broadening the ban on atmospheric testing negotiated in 1963
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PSC 124: Exam 1