PSC 124: Chapter 6
40 Cards in this Set
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Armies and Infantry
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conventional forces that take, hold, or defend territory on the ground; armed foot soldiers
infantries are foot soldiers
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Counterinsurgency
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an effort to combat guerrilla armies, often including programs to "win the hearts and minds" of rural populations so that they stop sheltering guerrillas
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Land Mines
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concealed explosive devices, often left behind by irregular armies, that kill or maim civilians after wars ends (Angola, Bosnia, Afghanistan and Cambodia)
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Navies
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adapted primarily to control passage through the seas and to attack land near coastlines
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Power Projection
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the ability to use military force in areas far from a country's region or sphere of influence
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Air Forces
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purposes:
strategic bombing of land or sea targets
close air support (battlefield bombing)
reconnaissance
airlift of supplies, weapons, and troops
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logistical support
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food, fuel, and weapons & ammunition that military operations rely heavily on.
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Electronic Warfare and Cyberwar
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refers to the uses of the electromagnetic spectrum in war--employing electromagnetic signals for one's own benefit while denying their use to an enemy
cyberwar: disrupting enemy computer networks to degrade command and control, hack into bank accounts
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Stealth Technology
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uses special radar-absorbent materials and unusual shapes in the design of aircraft, missiles, and ships to scatter enemy radar
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Revolution in Military Affairs
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a period of rapid change in the conduct of war
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Terrorism
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political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately
one person's freedom fighter is another's terrorist
shadowy world of faceless enemies and irregular tactics marked by extreme brutality
demoralize a civilian population
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State-Sponsored Terrorism
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the use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of the state's intelligence agency, to achieve political aims
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PanAm Flight 103
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a bomb scattered pieces of flight in 1988 over the Scottish countryside
Libyan intelligence agents were held responsible
Libya took responsibility for attacks in 2003
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Weapons of Mass Destruction
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nuclear, chemical and biological weapons
have enormous potential to kill and harm a country to the point of 'mass destruction'
enormous potential lethality, small size and modest costs, and relative lack of discrimination who is killed
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Manhattan Project
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science program where fission weapons were invented 60 years ago by US scientists in a secret WW2
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Delivery Systems
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getting nuclear weapons to their targets are the basis of states' nuclear arsenals and strategies
strategic weapons vs. tactical nuclear weapons
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Strategic Weapons vs. Tactical Nuclear Weapons
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-strategic weapons could hit an enemy's homeland, long range
-tactical weapons designed for battlefield use (obsolete now)
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Ballistic Missiles
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delivery system that carries a warhead up along a trajectory and letting it drop on the target
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ICBMs
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Intercontinental ballistic missiles
longest range missils, with ranges of more than 5,000 miles
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Cruise Missiles
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small winged missile that can navigate across thousands of miles of previously mapped terrain to reach a target, with the help of satellite guidance
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Missile Technology Control Regime
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a set of agreements were industrialized states try to limit the flow of missile-relevant technology to the states in the global South
limited success
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Chemical Weapons Convention
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1992 convention to ban the production and possession of chemical weapons has been signed by all the great powers and nearly all other states (except Syria, Egypt, and North Korea)
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Biological Weapons Convention
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1972 convention that banned the development, production, and possession of biological weapons (signed by more than 100 countries)
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Proliferation
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the spread of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles, and chemical or biological weapons) into the hands of more actors
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Non-Proliferation Treaty
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1968, created the framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise
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IAEA
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international atomic energy agency
a UN based agency based in Vienna is charged with inspecting the nuclear power industry in member states to prevent secret military diversions of nuclear materials
number of key states have not signed the NPT
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States with Nuclear Capabilities:
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Russia
USA
UK
France
China
Israel
India
Pakistan
North Korea
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Nuclear Strategy
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decisions about how many nuclear weapons to deploy, what delivery systems to put them on, and what policies to adopt regarding the circumstances in which they would be used
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First Strike and Second Strike
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1st: an attack intended to destroy (largely or entirely) a state's nuclear weapons before they can be used
2nd: weapons that can take a first strike and still strike back
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MAD
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mutually assured destruction
possession of second-strike capabilities by both sides is called MAD because neither side can prevent the other from destroying it
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SDI
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strategic defense initiative (star wars)
trying to develop defenses that could shoot down incoming ballistic missiles
comprehensive shield that would make nuclear missiles obsolete
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Arms Control
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an effort by two or more states to regulate by formal agreement their acquisition of weapons, using the reciprocity principle to solve the collective goods problem of expensive arms races that ultimately benefit neither side
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
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1972--prevented either side from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield from which to launch a first strike
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SALT
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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (1970)--put formal ceilings on the growth of both sides' strategic weapons
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CTBT
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Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty--halt all nuclear test explosions was signed in 1996 after decades of stalemate, aims to impede the development of new types of nuclear weapons
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Chain of Command
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states control military forces through this, running from highest authority through a hierarchy spreading out to the lowest-level soldiers
commander-in-chief is typically top political leader
make armed forces function as instruments of state power at the price of brutality and loss…
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Civil-Military Relations
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the division of labor between civilians and militaries inevitably lead to tensions
the interaction of civilian with military leaders is an important factor in how states use force
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Coup D'etat
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french for "blow against the state"
seizure of political power by domestic military forces
a change of political power outside the state's constitutional order
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Military Governments
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military forces themselves control the government, tend to be the most common in poor countries, where military may be the only large modern institution in the country
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Covert Operations
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Secret activities undertaken by a state outside its borders through clandestine means to achieve specific political or military goals with respect to another state.
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PSC 124: Exam 1