PSY 12000: EXAM 1
86 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Clinical psychologist
|
Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
|
|
Applied psychologist
|
Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world.
|
|
Research psychologist
|
Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind.Definition
|
|
psychology
|
The scientific study of behavior and mind.
|
|
confounding variable
|
An uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable.
|
|
dependent variable
|
The behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment.
|
|
Independent variable
|
The aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. It must consist of at least two conditions.
|
|
Placebo
|
An inactive, or inert, substance that resembles an experimental substance.
|
|
Correlational research
|
Correlation -
A statistic that indicates whether two variables vary together in a systematic way; correlation coefficients vary from +1.00 to −1.00.
|
|
Experimental research
|
A technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its effect on behavior.
|
|
Quasi-experimental
|
shares similarities with the traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial, but they specifically lack the element of random assignment to treatment or control.
|
|
operational definition
|
Definitions that specify how concepts can be observed and measured.
|
|
neural communication
|
any type of signaling between neurons throughout the nervous system. Neurons are small cells that reside throughout the human body. They communicate through action potentials, which are electrical impulses that are short-lasting and send signals from one neuron to another.
|
|
resting potential
|
the tiny electrical change in place between the inside and the outside of the resting neuron
|
|
action potential
|
the all-or-none electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon
|
|
synaptic gap
|
The small gap between the terminal buttons of a neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
Chemical messengers that relay information from one neuron to the next.
|
|
glutamate
|
most common memory (excitatory)
|
|
acetylcholine
|
multiple roles in CNS and PNS including excitation of muscle contractions (inhibitory)
|
|
dopamine
|
link between reward and pleasure systems (excitatory)
-decreased level -> Parkinson disease
-increased level -> Schizophrenia
|
|
serotonin
|
linked to sleep, dreaming and general arousal (Inhibitory) - may be involved in depression and schizophrenia
|
|
gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
|
regulation of anxiety. generally produces inhibitory efforts (Inhibitory)
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
The collection of nerves that controls the more automatic needs of the body (such as heart rate, digestion, blood pressure); part of the peripheral nervous system.
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
the part of the autonomic nervous system that contains chiefly adrenergic fibers and tends to depress secretion, decrease the tone and contractility of smooth muscle, and increase heart rate
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles. Definition
|
|
Germinal stage
|
fertilization -> implantation (2 weeks)
|
|
Zygote period
|
The fertilized human egg, containing 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother.
|
|
Embryonic stage
|
2-8 weeks
|
|
fetal period
|
8 weeks -> birth (brain tissue, layer of fat under the skin, and lungs grow)
|
|
teratogens
|
an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
|
|
Visual acuity
|
The ability to process fine detail in vision.
|
|
Habituation
|
The decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure.
|
|
Piaget's sensorimotor stage
|
birth to 2 years
|
|
Piaget's preoperational stage
|
2 to 7 years
|
|
Piaget's concrete operational stage
|
7 to 11 years
|
|
Piaget's formal operational stage
|
11 years to adulthood
|
|
Conservation
|
the ability to recognize that the physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in the object's appearance
|
|
assimilation
|
The process through which we fit—or assimilate—new experiences into existing schemata.
|
|
decision making fallacy
|
The thought processes involved in evaluating and choosing from among a set of alternatives; it usually involves some kind of risk.
|
|
retinal disparity
|
A binocular cue for depth that is based on location differences between the images in each eye.
|
|
convergence
|
A binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes move inward, or converge, when looking at an object.
|
|
Gestalt's principles of organization
|
1. the law of proximity
2. the law of similarity
3. the law of closure
4. the law of good continuation
5. the law of common fate
|
|
proximity
|
mere exposure effect
|
|
Stages of sleep
|
1. Drowsy (alpha waves)
2. N1 stage (theta waves)
3. N2 stage
4. N3 stage (delta activity)
5. REM
|
|
N1 stage
|
theta waves - the pattern of brain activity observed in stage N1 sleep
|
|
drowsy stage
|
alpha waves - the pattern of brain activity observed in someone who is in a relaxed state
|
|
N2 stage
|
sleep spindles, k complexes
|
|
N3 stage
|
delta activity - the pattern of brain activity observed in stage N3 sleep; it's characterized by synchronized slow waves (slow-wave sleep)
|
|
REM Sleep
|
rapid eye movement - a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low-amplitude, irregular EEG patterns resembling those found in the waking brain. REM is typically associated with dreaming
|
|
dyssomnia sleep disorders
|
1. insomnia
2. hypersomnia
3. narcolepsy
|
|
parasomnia sleep disorder
|
1. nightmares
2. night terrors
3. sleepwalking
|
|
insomnia
|
a chronic condition marked by difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, lasting for a period of at least one month
|
|
hypersomnia (hypersomnolence)
|
a chronic condition marked by excessive sleepiness
|
|
narcolepsy
|
a rare sleep disorder characterized by sudden extreme sleepiness
|
|
nightmares
|
frightening and anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during the REM stage of sleep
|
|
night terrors
|
terrifying experiences, which occur mainly in children, in which the sleeper awakens suddenly in an extreme state of panic
|
|
sleepwalking
|
the sleeper arises during sleep and wanders about
|
|
sensitization
|
Increased responsiveness, or sensitivity, to an event that has been repeated.
|
|
orienting response
|
an inborn to notice and respond to novel or surprising events
|
|
classical conditioning (Pavlov)
|
A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events—conditioned and unconditioned stimuli—that occur outside of one’s control.
|
|
unconditioned stimuli (US)
|
The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
|
|
unconditioned response (UR)
|
The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
|
|
conditioned stimuli (CS)
|
The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.
|
|
conditioned response (CR)
|
The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus.
|
|
stimulus generalization (Watson)
|
responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus
|
|
extinction
|
Presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding.
|
|
spontaneous recovery
|
The recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
|
|
operant conditioning
|
A procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (also called instrumental conditioning).
|
|
positive reinforcement
|
An event that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response.
|
|
positive punishment
|
An event that, when presented after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.
|
|
negative punishment
|
An event that, when removed after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.
|
|
fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule
|
A schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change.
|
|
fixed-interval (FI) reinforcement schedule
|
A schedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time.
|
|
variable-ratio (VR) reinforcement schedule
|
A schedule in which a certain number of responses are required for reinforcement, but the number of required responses typically changes.
|
|
variable-interval (VI) reinforcement schedule
|
A schedule in which the allotted time before a response will yield reinforcement varies from trial to trial.
|
|
encoding
|
the process that determine and control how memories are formed
|
|
storage
|
the processes that determine and control how memories are stored and kept over time
|
|
sensory memory
|
An exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less.
|
|
short-term memory
|
A limited-capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two.
|
|
long-term memory
|
The system used to maintain information for extended periods of time.
|
|
flashbulb memory
|
rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events
|
|
episodic memory
|
a memory from a particular event, or episode, that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning or where you went on vacation last year
|
|
primacy effect
|
The better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list.
|
|
recency effect
|
The better memory of items near the end of a memorized list.
|
|
retrograde amnesia
|
memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury
|
PSY 12000:Study Guide