PSYCH 100: FINAL EXAM
143 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
naturalistic observation
|
systematically measures and records observable behavior
advantage- get a snapshot of everyday life
disadvantage- cant control the variables (what happens) and cant introduce anything new, just watch
|
|
Theories of Psychology
|
Freud-psychodynamic
Watson, Pavlov, Skinner- Behaviorism
Rogers, Maslow- Humanistics
|
|
Psychology
|
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
|
|
Sigmund Freud
|
Psychodynamic
did Psychoanalysis as theory
father of modern Psychology
|
|
John B. Watson
|
Behaviorism
felt main goal of psychology was
prediction and control behavior
|
|
B.F. Skinner
|
Behaviorism
reinforcement for behavior
like Pavlov, skinner pioneered more controlled methods of studying conditioning
|
|
Ivan Pavlov
|
Behaviorism
Stimulus-response theory
used dogs and bells
|
|
Carl Rogers
|
Humanistic
unconditional warm regard
|
|
Abraham Maslow
|
Humanistic
Hierarchy of needs
|
|
different types of research
|
case studies
naturalistic observation
survey
correlation
experimental
|
|
research process 7 steps
|
question
literature review
develop a test hypothesis
design the study and collect data
analyze the data
build a theory
publish, replicate, seek a scientific review
|
|
psychological research
|
to separate fact from fiction
|
|
selective attention
|
what we attend to will be relative to us
|
|
Illusory correlation
|
relation that is not true
|
|
Classical conditioning- Neutral stimuli
|
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
|
|
classical conditioning- Unconditioned Response
|
automatic response to an unconditioned stimuli
|
|
classical conditioning- Unconditioned Stimuli
|
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
|
|
Classical Conditioning- Conditioned Response
|
A new learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
|
|
Classical Conditioning- Conditioned Stimuli
|
Previously neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response
|
|
Classical Conditioning- Taste Aversion
|
a type of classical conditioning involves food
|
|
Operant conditioning- Thorndike
|
law of effect
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
skinner box also known as Operant Chamber
|
allowed detailed tracking of rates of behavior change in response to different rates of reinforcement
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONS
law of effect
|
states that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
such as the puzzle box, when the cat got out then the cat got a treat
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant behavior
|
an active behavior that operates on the environment(i.e., that is followed by a consequence)
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
reinforcement-positive
|
when an OB(operant behavior) is strengthened by following it with the addition of a positive consequence
will strength behavior
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
reinforcement- negative
|
when an OB is strengthened by following it with the removal of a negative consequences(making something stop that you don't like)
will strengthen behavior
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
reinforcement-continuous
|
No answer
Reinforcement continuous and partial
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
punishment- positive
|
when the OB is weakened by following it with an aversive stimulus
adding something they don't like
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Punishment-negative
|
when an OB is weakened by the following it with the removal of a positive stimulus
taking away something they like
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
shaping
|
strategically reinforcing behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired behavior(potty training)
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
discriminative stimulus
|
a stimulus that signals when/if an operant behavior(OB) will be reinforced/punished
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
extinction
|
when an OB stops because it no longer produces the consequences
|
|
OPERANT CONDITIONING
extinction burst
|
a burst of the activity that they received something
|
|
OPERANT EFFECT
punishment
|
it has the opposite effects of reinforcement. these consequences make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future
negative or positive, it is a good thing
|
|
OBERSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Bandura- experiment
|
the children watched a video of an adult kicking and punching a inflated doll with aggressive behavior, the children then acted out the same behavior they had seen
|
|
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
models
|
observing others' behavior
noticing when some gets rewarded and which get punished
|
|
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Mirror Neurons
|
the fire only to reflect the actions or feelings of others
these don't work correctly in children with autism
|
|
3 keys steps in memory
|
Recall-fill in the blanks
Recognition-multiple choice
Retrieval-less work it takes to learn info you had studied
|
|
3 ways of learning through experience
|
classical conditioning-pavlovian conditioning
Operant conditioning- Skinnerian conditioning
Observational- social learning
|
|
classical conditioning-pavlovian conditioning
Operant conditioning- Skinnerian conditioning
Observational- social learning
|
No answer
Automatic processing
|
|
MEMORY
Encoding- Effortful processing strategies
|
No answer
Encoding effortful processing
|
|
MEMORY
Storage- Explicit processing
|
No answer
Explicit processing
|
|
MEMORY
Storage- Implicit processing
|
No answer
Implicit processing
|
|
Storage- Infantile Amnesia
|
Infantile amnesia
|
|
3 types of memory
|
sensory
short term
long term
|
|
Atkinson Shiffrin Model
|
sensory memory-stimuli recorded by sense, held briefly
short term memory-encoded through rehearsal
long term memory- info the moves into LGT where it can retrieved later
|
|
WORKING MEMORY
|
short term memory- it holds info not just to rehearse it, but to process it(such as a math problem)
|
|
Explicit Memories-brain structure associated
|
frontal lobe
hippocampus
|
|
Implicit Memories-brain structure associated
|
cerebellum
basal ganglia
|
|
Explicit memories
|
declarative memory
our minds acquire this through effortful processing
|
|
Implicit memories
|
these memories are typically formed through automatic processing, they are formed without awareness that we are building a memory
|
|
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
|
experiences are processed automatically into implicit memory, without any effortful/working memory processing
|
|
Sensory Memory
echoic-hearing
iconic-eye
|
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information before it is processed into short term or long term memory
|
|
flashbulb memories
|
emotionally intense events that become "burned in" as a vivid-seeming memory
|
|
Context dependent
|
what is going on when we form the memory
|
|
state dependent memories
|
emotional state when we form memories
|
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
refers to the inability to retrieve memory of the past
|
|
Anterograde Amnesia
|
inability to form new long term memories
Clive Wearing
|
|
False Memories & Memory Construction-(Elizabeth Loftus)
|
implanted memories
|
|
Deja Vu
|
refers to the feeling that you're in a situation that you've seen or have been in before
|
|
research terms-methods
|
descriptive-case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation
correlation-
experimental
|
|
case studies
|
an in depth study of one or a few individuals
good for studying rare events, such as Albert Einstein's brain
|
|
Memory Retrieval
|
Recall
recognition
relearning
priming
|
|
different types of research
|
case study
naturalistic
observation
survey
correlation
experiment
|
|
parts of the neurons
|
dendrites
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
terminal buttons
|
|
Dendrites
|
receive messages from other neurons
|
|
the cell body
|
decides if a message received from other neurons should be sent, also receives messages.
life support of the neuron
|
|
axon
|
fiber which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
|
|
myelin sheath
|
protective tissue encasing the axons of many neurons
a superconductor that increases speed of neural impulses
|
|
terminal buttons or terminal branches
|
releases chemicals called neurotransmitters
|
|
synapse
|
the gap between two cells
is a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
|
|
action potential
|
a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
chemical messengers
|
|
reuptake
|
recycling neurons go back inside
after the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving neuron
|
|
how the neuron works including terms associated with the process
|
neuron receives the signal saying fire or don't fire
when the threshold is reached the action potential starts moving(action potential is the all or nothing)
action potential travels down the axon from the cell body to the terminal branches
signal transmitted to another cell; must find…
|
|
serotonin
|
affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
undersupply linked to depression
|
|
dopamine
|
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
oversupply linked to schizophrenia
undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease and ADHD
|
|
Acetylcholine(ACH)
|
enables muscle action, learning and memory
producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer's disease progresses
|
|
norepinephrine
|
helps control alertness and arousal
undersupply can depress and cause ADHD-like attention problems
|
|
GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)
|
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
|
|
glutamate
|
a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizure; this is why some people avoid MSG
|
|
antagonist
|
a molecule that fills the lock so that the neurotransmitter cannot get in and activate the receptor site
|
|
agonist
|
a molecule that fills the receptor site and activates it, acting like the neurotransmitter
|
|
Endocrine System
|
a set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones
sends molecules as messages, just like the nervous system , but it sends the messages through the bloodstream instead of across the synapse
|
|
Pituitary gland
|
the master gland
controlled by the hypothalamus
regulates other glands like the thyroid
produces oxytocin(the bonding hormone) and growth hormone
|
|
Adrenal Gland
|
receives messages from the sympathetic nervous system
produces hormones such as adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, cortisol
fight or flight
|
|
central nervous system
|
all neurons in the brain and spinal cord
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
|
|
TYPE OF NEURON-Sensory neurons
|
carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the brain's spinal cord
|
|
TYPE OF NEURON-motor neurons
|
carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
damage can cause convulsions, paralysis
|
|
TYPE OF NEURON-interneurons
|
neurons within the spinal cord and brain that communicate with other neurons
damage can cause slow reaction times, confusion, memory loss
|
|
The Peripheral Nervous System- somatic
|
controls the skeletal muscles
operates muscles you can move voluntarily
|
|
The Peripheral Nervous System-autonomic
|
controls non-skeletal muscles(glands and muscles of internal organs, such as the heart)
operates muscles and glands that act involuntarily
has two subdivisions-sweating , cry, heart beating faster
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
arouses the body, its energy in stressful situations
an "emergency" system that prepares body during times of danger or emotion
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
calms the body ,conserving its energy
"sustaining" system most active soon after a stressful or emotional event; helps the body and return it to normal
|
|
The Central Nervous System
|
The spinal cord
connects the PNS to the brain
sensory neurons send information up to the spinal cord and motor neurons bring it back down to the muscles
|
|
the brain
|
like a walnut, has two hemispheres
can also be divided into lower(more primitive) and upper(more advanced) structures
|
|
Intentional brain damage-Lesions
|
surgical destruction of the brain
|
|
split- brain patients
|
surgery where the connection between each hemisphere is cut in order to end severe full-brain seizures
|
|
brain stem
|
pons
medulla
thalamus
reticular formation
cerebellum
|
|
pons
|
help coordinate automatic and unconscious movements
swallowing, posture, facial expressions, eye movement
|
|
medulla
|
controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing
if the medulla is damaged can't breath
|
|
thalamus
|
sensory switchboard or router
|
|
reticular formation
|
nerve network in the brainstem
|
|
cerebellum
|
coordinates voluntary movement
muscle memory
little brain
|
|
mid brain(limbic system)
|
hypothalamus
pituitary
amygdala
hippocampus
|
|
hypothalamus
|
directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Reward Center
|
|
amygdala
|
consists of 2 lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and danger
|
|
hippocampus
|
processes conscious memories, works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories
things you can remember-what you had for dinner last night
|
|
Cerebral cortex
|
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
motor cortex
sensory cortex
corpus callosum
|
|
frontal lobe
|
working memory, decision making, judgement, planning
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
spatial and mathematical reasoning, monitors sensation of movement & input from multiple senses
|
|
occipital lobe
|
visual
|
|
temporal lobe
|
auditory
|
|
motor cortex
|
No answer
Motor cortex
|
|
sensory cortex
|
No answer
Sensory cortex
|
|
corpus callosum
|
split brain
|
|
plasticity
|
doesn't repair damage already done, but forms new connections
|
|
Tests used with the brain
|
MRI
FMRI
EEG
PET
CT
XRAY
|
|
Genome
|
the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all genetic material
|
|
ova
|
23 chromosome
|
|
sperm
|
23 chromosome
|
|
prenatal development
|
zygote
embryo
fetus
|
|
Identical twins
|
monozygotic
|
|
fraternal twins
|
dizygotic
|
|
Temperament(different types)
|
Activity level, emotionality, sociability
a persons stable emotional reactivity and intensity
|
|
Heritability
|
proportion of variation among people that we can attribute to genes
|
|
Natural selection
|
inherited traits that help survival and reproduction
will most likely be passed to future generations
|
|
evolutionary psychology influences on sexuality and mating
|
Coolidge effect
|
|
Sex(chromosomes and hormones)
|
23 genes from each parent
|
|
Nature(genetics)
|
sex
biological
|
|
Nurture (environment)
|
gender
|
|
stranger anxiety
|
happens at 8 months
|
|
Norms
|
behavior-like men holding hands in Saudi Arabia is a norm
|
|
Individualism
|
raised to be independent (western cultures)
|
|
Collectivism
|
raised to be interdependent( Chinese)
|
|
Social Learning Theory
|
learning social behaviors
assumes that children learn gender identity
sense of being male or female
|
|
Teratogens
|
cause harm to a developing fetus
such as alcohol, drugs, smoking
|
|
Infant Reflexes
|
rooting reflex
|
|
Cognition
|
all mental associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communication
|
|
Cognitive Theory-Jean Piaget(4 stages of development)
|
schema, assimilation, accommodation
|
|
COGNITIVE THEORY
schema
|
a concept or framework that organizes and intercepts information
|
|
COGNITIVE THEORY
assimilation
|
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema
|
PSYCH 100: EXAM 1