PSYCH 100: EXAM 1
88 Cards in this Set
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Psychology
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scientific study of physical human behavior and mental processes
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Head vs. Heart
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Ancient Egypt believed heart was more important
light heart means good person heavy heart means sinful person
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Trepanation
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the process of drilling holes in the head
used to believe demons trapped in the head of mentally ill
still used today to relieve cranial pressure
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Plato
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Tripartite theory of reasoning
1)logical and critical thinking occurs in the brain
2)passion and emotion is from the heart
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Aristotle
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Plato's student but didn't agree with him
1)Cardiac Hypothesis of reasoning
Heart is always beating all thinking and emotion occurs in the heart
brain is still functional as a temperature regulator
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Hippocrates
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Father of medicine
believed in the internal balance of fluid to regulate mental health
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Claud Galen
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famous for squeezing the brain of fallen gladiators and observing the response
Squeezed brain stopped functions
squeezed heart just caused pain didn't stop any functions
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Ventricular Theory (Claud Galen)
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different ventricles in the brain have different functions
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Renee Descartes
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Believed in the dualism approach
mind and body were separated
Mind was the soul of a person which made decisions
body was a robotic machine which carried out the decisions
pineal gland was the connection between mind and body
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Franz Joseph Gall
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Stated that different parts of the brain controlled different functions (localization)
some truth found today
there is localization in the brain where different parts perform different functions
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Phrenology
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study of how skull shapes and features reflect brain development
originally called: organology
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Marie jean pierre Flourens
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Hired by french to prove gall wrong
Pigeons experiment 1/2 1/4 brain ect.
holism
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Holism
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belief that the whole brain can perform any task doesn't matter which part on how much
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Paul Broca
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performed studies on man who attempted suicide (name "tan")
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Luigi Galvani
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Discovered bio electricity in frogs on brass hooks
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Otto loewi
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experiment with frogs hearts and found Neurotransmitter
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dualism
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mind and body are separate
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wilhelm wundt (structuralism)
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**1879** (know date) first psychology lab in leipzig Germany
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William James (functionalism)
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First american psychologist
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Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis)
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repressed subconscious thoughts about past experiences caused mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression
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behavioralism
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focus on punishment and rewards
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cognitive
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how we thing and perceive events in our life contribute to mental health
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humanistic
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people have the positive choice to choose how they feel and what the do in life
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Sociocultural
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societal and cultural values affect how we think and feel
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evolutionary
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evolutionary events allow for the passage of specific genes and traits to pass down through generations regarding mental health
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biopsychological
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studies the anatomical roots of mental health
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scientific method
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perceive a problem
hypothesize
test
draw conclusions
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theory
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an organized set of principles that describes predicts and explains a phenomenon
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hypothesis
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specific testable prediction resulting from a theory
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sample
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randomly selected group that are tested in a study representing the entire population
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population
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complete collection of all elements to be studied
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participant observations
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researcher tries to fit in
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laboratory observations
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artificial have control over variables but are not real world behavior and have high costs
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surveys
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a research method that can comprises interviewing or giving questionnaires to a large number of people
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case studies
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research that requires making in-depth detailed observations of individuals
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correlation coefficient
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correlation is the measure of the relationship between two variables it ranges from -1 to 1 the closer the value to -1 or 1 the stronger the correlation
+ means related in same direction
- means related in opposite direction
correlations show patterns not causes
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independent variable
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a variable that is not related to another
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Dependent variable
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the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated) and that is hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
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Control Group
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A group in an experiment that receives not treatment in order to compare the treated group against a norm.
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experimental group
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group that has the actual experiment done to them and compared to the control group
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experimental design
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an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to see its effect on mental or behavioral processes (dependent variable)
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experimental effect
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differences between groups
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Participant Bias
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Tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed
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nocebo effect
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a negative attitude or expectation that eludes to harm or produce undesirable outcomes
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placebo effect
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any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent
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single blind study
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experiment where participants dont know whether they are in the experimental or control group
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double blind experiment
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experiment where both the researcher and participant are unaware about whether the participants have received the treatment or placebo
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the central nervous system
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made up of the brain and spinal cord
functions as the command center
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peripheral nervous system
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contains all other nerves and is divided into two subsystems (somatic and autonomic)
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somatic nervous system
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controls the voluntary systems such as raising your hand
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autonomic nervous system
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controls the automatic systems such as heart beat also has two subsystems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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sympathetic nervous system
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fight or flight example if embarrassed heart rate may increase
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Parasympethetic Nervous System
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calms you down
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sensory neurons
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incoming signals
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motor neurons
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outgoing signals
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Soma
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cell body
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dendrites
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receive messages from other cells
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axon
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passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons muscles or glands
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myelin sheath
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covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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terminal branches
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forms junctions with other cells
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action potential
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depolarization along length of axon
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resting potential
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membrane potential of resting neuron
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refractory period
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after the action potential is reached it comes back down below the resting potential and then slowly returns to its resting potential
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Naturalistic Observation
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A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior.
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that travel the space between neurons
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agonists
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mimic/enhance neurotransmitter effect on receptor sites
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antagonists
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block/reduce cells response to other neurotransmitters
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reuptake
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the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button
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Enzymatic breakdown
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Chemical digestion
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Acetycholine
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involved in memory learning and controls muscle contractions
dementia is thought to be caused by the reduction of it
first neurotransmitter discovered
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dopamine
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involved in controlling movement
controls sensations of pleasure
associated with schizophrenia its believed that too much dopamine is released in certain areas of the brain
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GABA
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involved in sleep and inhibits movements
reduces the firing neurons
low levels of GABA are seen in those with anxiety disorders
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serotonin
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involved with mood sleep appetite dream enhancement
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Medulla
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non conscious bodily functions
located at the base of the brain stem
regulates coughing sneezing salivation vomiting
vital functions such as breathing heart rate and blood pressure
if the medulla is damage you normally die
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pond
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important for states of consciousness, highway for sensory and motor information 90% of motor information goes through here
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cerebellum
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the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem
helps with balance accuracy and timing of movements
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thalamus
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main relay station for a majority of sensory information
on to of the brain stem
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hypothalamus
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crucial center for modulating and regulating a large number of behaviors like eating and sleeping
the brains "thermostat"
involved in hormone releasing including puberty
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Hippocampus
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memory if damaged we cannot form new memories
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amygdala
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emotion
regulates aspects of anger aggression and fear response
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temporal lobe
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processing sound and language
recognition of visual items
storing of new memories
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occipital lobe
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contains roughly 30 areas for processing visual information
damage can result in partial or complete blindness or other visual deficits
called cortical blindness
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parietal lobe
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shifts our attention on an unconscious level we dont always notice
damage may cause unilateral neglect (only shave one side of the face)
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somatosensory strip
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registers sensations on the body
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frontal lobe
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contains primary motor cortex
involved with expressive speech controls impulses
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Motor strip
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that band that runs down the side of the frontal lobe that controls all bodily movements
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corpus callosum
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large band of neural fibers
connects and carries messages between the two brain hemispheres
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split brain procedure
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a condition which the two hemispheres of the are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers
used for patients with extreme cases of epilepsy as a last resort
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PSYCH 100: EXAM 1