JOURN 3000: EXAM 3
76 Cards in this Set
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What does the black press do?
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covers african american interest, perspective, is for that audience, and is owned and operated for them.
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Advocacy Journalism
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-adopts a non objective point of view.
- goal is to affect social change
- tends to question authority
- called "activist journalism" and social injustice journalism
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Historical background of the 19th century
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-social, political and economic content.
-sectional controversy, civil war, reconstruction.
-industry v. agriculture (railroads)
- expanded suffrage (more voters)
-social reform (temperance movement/end of slavery)
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media enviornment
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decline of the partisan press and rise of the penny press
- technological advances
- southern v. northern press
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Antebellum:
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1820-1861
missouri compromise
- denmark vesey
freedom journal est. (first black paper) John Russworm, Sam Comish
Nat Turner
- abolition mail campaign
Fredrick Douglas
- scott v. scottford
1865 civil war
- emancipation proc.
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what contributed to the rise of the AA press?
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trains, literacy.
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What challenges hindered the rise?
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there were no advertising opportunities/funding
Robert Abbot: defender faced racism
Ida B. Wells: life was threatened
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How did blacks get around challenges
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they moved.
they started their own papers.
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How were black papers different and similar?
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the defender used yellow journalism and portrayed lynchings as a serious issue.
they used advertising like skin lighting serum.
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Black press facts
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they relied on subscriptions
- advertisers did not want to advertise.
- wwII made the attorney general worried about their newstories
- black press was positive and promoted the community.
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Elizabeth Glover
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found 1st printing business in cambridge (1638)
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Mary Kathrine Goddard
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father was a postmaster, brother was a printer. Ran press for her brother and was the first female postmaster (1775) published the first copy of the declaration of independence.
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In early america there were changes in.
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technology
- content
- economic models
- society
- rise of the middle class
- literacy
- idea of leisure
- women writers
- better lighting
- better transportation
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Sarah Hale
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Godey's lady's book.
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Godey's ladys book
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women writing for a living.
no ads, subscription based, expensive, about music taste, and fashion. No hard news. was against women's sufferage
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Ida B. Wells
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Southern Horrors: a pioneer for activist journalism
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Ida Tarbell
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fact based reporting.
investigative journalism
against women's sufferage.
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sob sisters and stunt girls
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nellie bly (elizabeth cochrane)
annie laurie (winfred black bonfils)
jennie june (jane croly)
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Jennie June
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founder of women's press club at NYC
one of the country's first nationally syndicated woman columnist.
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Late 19th century
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increasing number of women in journalism.
2.3 to 7.3 in 20 years
establishment of professional orgs.
womens national press assoc.
women's press club of ny
federation of women's press clubs
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Gender Bias & Stereotypes
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unreliable as a class
- in attention to detail
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Women at Journalism Schools
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- mizzou
2009 69%
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Twentieth Century
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limited to women's pages in magazines book publishing. they did family fashion food and furnishings. They rarely cover politics or hard news.
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1930's:
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Elanor Roosevelt:
held woman only press conferences. Hosted a weekly radio show, wrote books, and newspaper and magazine columns.
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WWII and post war
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opportunities:
by 1943 women made up 50% of newspaper staffs in smaller cities.
- women were war correspondents
post war they want to return to normal women went back in their place as housewives
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1960's
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Kay Mills was not hired for job because she was a women
in 1968 wallstreet journal lifted their ban on women.
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civil rights act/ title 7
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prohibits discrimination against race, color, religon, sex, or national orgin
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National Press Club:
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Boylan v NYT (1974)
9 male reporters v. 1 female.
men made more than women.
helped push women into journalism
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Gay Press:
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same objectives as black press.
goal was to affect social change
- didnt see themselves in the mainstream press
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Gay press timeline
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1950- employment of homos and other sex perverts in gov.
1953- eisenhower issues exec. order barring homos from the military
1958- first amendment rights for "one" mag.
1962- illnois 1st state to decriminalize sexuality
1969- stonewall riots
1974- remade the def. of homsexuality.
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Vice Versa
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nine issues
first lesbian mag.
edith eyde.
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"One"
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first national gay mag.
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Richard Davis
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american readers loved his stories, reporting was becoming a profession. bylines were being used to stop exaggeration.
war correspondants, military didnt want them to come alone
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War coverage
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fanned emotion and mood. did not cover to complete brutality.
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Earnest Hemingway
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wrote a novel that told the truth about the war. "a farewell to arms"
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Martha
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hard writing, honorable cause, told things how they were.
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Covering the war objective
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-there is a shift in public opinion, ---military needs public support they only want the press to tell the good side of the story
- the press cannot be kept out but restrictions can be placed.
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Spanish War
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covered the civilians more and were able to have access the difference between wwii and this is in wwi there were censors and limited access there was no censorship because there was no government power in the spanish war.
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World War One
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american audience was a target for propaganda.
- british newspapers were lobbying for the us to pick sides
- german info service used to persuade americans
- us entered war in 1917
- open warfare on merchant ships
- heavy restrictions on writings
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Fredrick Palmer
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cheif press officer
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Floyd Gibbons
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chicago tribune
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Irvin Cobb
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saturday evening post
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George Creel
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convinced americans to be apart of the war effort. First operated pr firm. biased.
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Voluntary Censorship
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not in support of the gov.
sediton act of 1918: killed german press in US.
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Telegraph & Cable Lines
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no longer private during world war I censorship boards
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Mail & Privillages
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main way publications were sent to the public.
ads were pulled.
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African American Press
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persuaded african americans to move north
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William Trotter
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W.E. Dubois - naacp offical publication
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WWI technology
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type of war fare. telegraph, radio moving pictures, newsreels.
the gov controlled the cable & shipping lines
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Propaganda/ Censorship
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attempt to convince, win over, and convert people to think and behave in a certain manner.
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Public Relations
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strat com process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between orgs & their public.
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PR details
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- eye of the beholder
- strong ideological bent
- institutional by nature
- relies on mass media
- rely on ethically suspect method of influence
- tends to be ambigous
- simplifes complex situations
- to be effective, understood and acted upon
- plays on fears, predjudice, and emo…
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Censorship
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- control of info in a society
- expression
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censoring objectives during war time
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suppression of info that could be useful to the enemy
- suppression of info that could discourage the home front
- suppression of info that could anger our allies.
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forms
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- prohibits on interviews with enemy leaders
- restrictions on who reports news and where
- prohibits plans, strategies, targets other details of military action
- self censorship
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WWII propaganda
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office of censorship press:
oversaw info coming in out of US gov. info agencies.
- encouraged voluntary censorship
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ffice of war info : propaganda
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release of war news
- promoted patriotism
- warned about foreign spies.
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Propaganda:
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used posters
changed the way people thought and behaved.
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Code of wartime practices for the american press
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Jan. 15, 1942
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reporting world war II
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self censorship
- open atmosphere for reporting
- went through steps before the public
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Korean War
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Homer Bigart
- ny hearld tribune
- 1951 pulitzer prize
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Gulf War
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reporters only got info through press conferences.
journalist knew the military had to work with them.
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Invasion of Iraq (2003)
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embedding journalist:
brought up ethical issues
told factual stories good and bad.
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The New Media
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echo 1: first communication satalite
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At&T bell labs:
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nasa launched telstar 1 to transmit signals to televisons and telephones
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Relay 1
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launched covered jfk's funeral
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comcast launches
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intelsat 1/ early bird, first commercial communications
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60's technology
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abc, cbs, nbc
satalies are coming into use.
more portable equiptment
16 mm cameras and lightweight audio recorders
rotary telephones
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picture & audio
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bell & howel
nagra
telephones
typewriters
teletype machines
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technology in the 70's
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video news came into use
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80's
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computers and workstations, wireless and digital methods accelerate, decline of teleype use.
cable networks launches videotyape has replaced video & audio.
first commercially avalible celephone
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Richard Curtis
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founding visual editor that used color in newspaper in 1982
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1990's
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digital cameras.
end of telegraph service
first smart phones
camera phones
facebook
twitter
iphones
digital television
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The internet
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a worldwide public ally accessible series of interconnected waves
joint miltary and academic effort for info sharing
generated share story and protected info. global connections just incase of global connections
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News consumption going mobile:
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news consumption going mobile: news consumption on mobile devices has surpassed desktip computers and newspapers
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impact of twitter on journalism
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self correcting: global resource.
ecosystem: consumer are becoming producers gotten bigger as group.
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JOURN 3000: Exam 3 - People