JOURN 3000: Exam 1
25 Cards in this Set
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Explanation of Origins
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Explanation of Origins
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structural explanation- cultural
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-Ideas, values, attitudes
-Why does the early American newspaper emerge as a quasi-political institution?
-Content: Political news, political essays
-Staff: Tied to/appointed by political factions, parties; Printing merchants
-Support: Political subsidies
-Audience: Voters to be pers…
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structural explanation- material
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-Geography, technology, economy
-Why does the political press give way to the ‘Penny Press’ in the 1830s and following?
-Content: Stories on nitty-gritty of urban life; local, entertainment
-Staff: Entrepreneurs, information gatherers
-Support: Advertising
-Audience: Consumers, midd…
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structural explanation- institutional
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-Institutions - government, church, school, family, business
-Why does broadcast journalism emerge in the US around World War II?
-Many radio stations in early 1920s initially owned by newspapers; many false starts
-Only brief news bulletins twice a day in 1930s
-Broadcast journalism …
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Path dependence (institutional structure)
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-Exit costs
-Asymmetries of power
-Expectations
-This is why history matters
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Forerunners of newspapers
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Verse, letters, epistles, stories told at markets/fairs, balladeers, ringing of bells, manuscripts, block texts
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Publick Occurrences
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-Benjamin Harris
-September 25, 1690
-Contained foreign and domestic news
-Prophetic role--> record events to bear witness to God's providence
-Report intelligence useful to public
-Sort truth from lies
-Unlicensed so it was shut down
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New England Courant
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-James Franklin, 1721
-Adversarial role
-Entertain audience (literary content)
-Ben took over when James was in jail
-Silence Dogood column
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Colonial Era Press
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Pennsylvania Gazette, New England Courant, Boston News-Letter, Publick Occurrences
-Provide forum for exchange of ideas, disseminate info, challenge decisions of those in power, comment on God's will/public issues, entertain readers
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Benjamin Franklin
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-Silence Dogood
-Pennsylvania Gazette, 1729
-Entertaining essays
-Advertising business
-Government printing contracts
-Franklin set up other colonial printers
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Zenger case (1734-35)
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-William Cosby, governor of NY
-Zenger--> New York Weekly Journal, critical of Cosby
-Arrested for seditious libel
-Andrew Hamilton argues truth as a defense
-Trial does not change libel law
-Government backs down in face of public opinion
-Main Principle: Right to criticize offi…
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Marketplace of ideas- libertarian concept
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-Truth naturally overcomes falsehood when they are allowed to compete
-Competing voices produce superior conclusions
-Voices should not be excluded from the marketplace, lest the truth be suppressed
-Libel is an exception
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Marketplace of ideas- Milton's conception
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-Defended free speech, opposed censorship
-Moral limits to marketplace of ideas--> no prior restraint, but subsequent action is ok
-Exclusion of some ideas because some people are susceptible to falsehoods
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Marketplace of ideas- Republicanism
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-Public opinion formed by virtuous leaders
-Newspapers as a town hall
-Freedom only good when social order is maintained by good citizens
-Press should promote truth
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Revolutionary Era Press
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Three factions: tories (loyalists), whigs (economic philosophy, no taxation without representation), patriots (promote revolution)
-Journalistic roles: promote exchange of ideas, public discussion, propagandize for revolutionary cause/mobilize readers
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Samuel Adams- patriots
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-Editor of Independent Advertiser
-Organized Committees of Correspondence in 1772 to cover meetings
-Sons of Liberty
-Published stories of British atrocities
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James Rivington, Tories
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-Owned bookstores, founded New York Gazetteer, etc.
-Presented opposing sides of political questions
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John Dickinson, Whig
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-"Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"
-Established principles of the revolution
-No taxation without representation
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Tom Paine
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-Common Sense
-Championed revolutionary cause
-Argued against British rule
-Crisis Papers--> troops thoughts, rallied troops
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Early Partisan/Party Press
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-Agitator role: propagandize, attack opposition, mobilize
Federalists- strong federal government (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton)
-Gazette of the US is main paper (John Fenno)
-Patronage system for Fenno
Republicans- responsive government, full democratic participation (TJ)
-Phi…
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Sedition Act
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-1798
-Signed by John Adams
-Crime to publish false writings against government
-Used against Republicans
-Expired at the end of Adams' term in 1801
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Mercantile, Commercial Press
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-Dailies emerged by 1800
-Commercial enterprises
-Expanded advertising space
-Advance cause of business
-Boston Commercial Gazette, etc.
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Frontier, Country press
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-Small weeklies
-Content made up of reader opinion, local and national news
-Became boosters for the regions
-1814--> Federal law that federal papers must be printed in at least two papers per state/territory
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Labor press
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-Labor orgs and parties
-Mainstream press ignored them
-Classified ads (basic products)
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changes in printing technology
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-Better hand presses in early 1800s
-Steam presses in 1810s/20s
-Cylinder presses in 1840s
-Paper shifts from rag to wood pulp
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JOURN 3000: Exam 3 - People