126 Cards in this Set
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A Hierarchy of Organization
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atoms - molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms
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At each step of organization what property emerges?
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Emergent properties
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What are the basic units of structure and function?
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cells
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Reproduction?
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life is continued through heritable information (DNA, RNA) life comes from life
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Prokaryotes have what kind of transfer of DNA from to Donor to recipient
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a one way transfer
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Eukaryotes have what kind of transfer?
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a 2 way, DNA from 2 individuals combine to make the third individual then new combinations possible
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Metabolism
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chemical reactions involved in converting energy from from environment and using it in processes essential to growth repair and reproduction
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Ex of how organisms interact with their environment; respond to stimuli
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Cellular responses to changes in sugar levels such as in body nervous and hormonal responses
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Homeostasis
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maintain constant internal environment, regardless of changing external environment
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what is irreversible of growth and development of cells?
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number of cells, form, function of cells may change
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Evolution
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change over time
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variation of individuals leads to what?
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natural selection which in turn leads evolution
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Basic movements of the cells
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cilia, flagella
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is there water in cells?
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there is water inside all cells and surround the cells
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Ovservation
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A statement describing a fact
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Observations use?
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5 senses to know or determine something or describe something how it appears
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Inference
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A statement bases on interpretation of the facts
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Inference does what?
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make an explanation for the observation, cannot directly be observed, and requires thought based on observation
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When to use observation
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during experiments , record observations not inferences
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when to use inference
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may be used when writing the conclusion in your lab report
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Biology is what?
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a logic based science
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all sciences can be limited to what?
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to what can be tested
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Can observations be limited to natrue
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Experiments
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2 primary research methods in biology are...
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discovery and hypothesis based
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Discovery based
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descriptive systems
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hypothesis based
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scientific method
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Discovery Science
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collect and analyze data, describe observations, not hypothesis driven
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Example of Discovery Science
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testing drugs to determine usefulness in various diseases such as in oil spills or investigating gene functions
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Scientific Method
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series of steps used to answer questions logically. it's hypothesis driven and usually tested with a control experiment, results should be replicable
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5 major steps of scientific method
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1. make observations 2. formulate a hypothesis 3. design and perform a controlled experiment/ observe 4. analyze results 5. draw conclusions ( accept or reject hypothesis) and present results
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what are the 3 different types of hypothesis?
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question, conditional statement, if...then statement
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what makes a hypothesis different from a prediction?
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a hypothesis must state a relationship
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Controlled Experiment
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had both a control and a variable
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Control
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used as baseline measure, identical to variable group except does NOT receive treatment in question
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Variable
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What is altered, measured, or manipulated in an experiment
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Independent Variable
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Manipulated experimenter has control over
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Dependent Variable
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Passively observed, measured... depends on independent variable
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Controlled Variable
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anything that could influence the dependent variable
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examples of controlled variables in experiment
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environment temp, amount of water, type of plant
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Induction and deduction
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two basic types of reasoning involved in scientific problem solving
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induction
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gathering bits of data (observations, previous research) then formulating a generalization which reasonably explains all of them
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induction goes from what to what
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specific to general (formation of a hypothesis)
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Deduction
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Begins with a generalization, make predictions based on the generalization, then college
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deduction goes from what to what
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general to specific (testing/ experimenting part of science)
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What is the first part of the scientific method?
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inductive then the rest is deductive
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Theory
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requires much support; hypothesis must be supported repeatedly
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Theories are knowledgable
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established explanations, extremely likely to be true
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Are theories facts?
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nope!
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What are examples of theories
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newton's laws, theory of evolution, theory of atomic structure, big bang theory
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Pseudoscience
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lack rigorous controls, relies on anecdotal evidence, finding contradicted by science
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examples of Pseudoscience
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Aliens, ghosts
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Junk Science
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Faulty, insufficient, unreliable, or biased data (evidence ignored or unconfirmed to further an agenda)
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examples of junk science
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Insufficient evidence for a news channel (only saying what they want you to see)
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Example of hypothesis becoming a thoery
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Evolution
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has evolution be falsified?
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no
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Who determined when the Earth formed and when did the Earth form
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1600's (archbishop Ussher), Earth formed October 22, 4004 B.C
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Who was responsible for the classification system
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Linnaeus 1700's
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Buffon
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quietly suggested that species change over generations and that new world animals have degenerated from old world forms
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Lamarck (1802)
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics; traits passed on through use or disuse (an organism acquires things that it needs to survive over time)
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Theory of Natural Selection
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Darwin and Wallace (1858)
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Natural Selection
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Nature selects certain characteristics to survive and others to die out
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What influenced Charles Darwin's thoughts?
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It was his views on slavery that inspired him to publish. Said we all come from the same background, not different
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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HMS Beagle (1831-1836), Galapagos and South America especially, spent more than 20 years researching evidence and experimenting, wrote 4 books on barnacles and how they change over time
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Wallace and Darwin together represented their ideas on natural selection
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Darwin's book
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The origin of species by means of natural selection published in 1859
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Darwin's theory
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Individuals vary, some variations heritable, resources are limited, organisms with most favorable traits for a given environment have the most reproductive success and those traits passed on to the next generation
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fitness
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more offspring surviving to reproduce
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Over a long period of time natural selection leads to adaptation
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a population's characteristics change, better able to survive or reproduce. effects evolution of populations and species
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is natural selection goal oriented?
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nope, species can become more complex or simple
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Evidence for evolution
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fossils, vestigial structures, breeding/ artificial selection, comparative anatomy, biochemical evidence, embryology, distribution of species
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Example of fossils in horses
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Horse fossils have changed over time
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Vestigial Structures
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once used/ necessary, but no longer are
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examples of vestigial structures
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ostrich wings
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Homologous characteristics
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similar traits inherited from same ancestor
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What are homologous characteristics a result of?
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divergent evolution
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Analogous characteristics
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similar traits evolved through same functions
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What are analogous characteristics a result of ?
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convergent evolusion
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Examples of Homologous characteristics
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Human wing, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing
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Examples of Analogous Characteristics
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bat wings, insect wings, bird wings
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Biochemical Evidence
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DNA, proteins (there are 3 billion pairs in the humane genome
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Embryology
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Haeckel drew organisms at different stages in their embryology and noticed they were the same but he was proven wrong bc different embryo species grow at different rates
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species
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can breed and produce fertile offspring
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microevolution
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changes in a population's gene pool from one generation to the next
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gene pool
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all the genes in the entire population
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genetic equilibrium
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no change occurs in gene frequency
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2 factors cause microevolution
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mutation/ new genetic variation, evolutionary mechanisms(natural selection)
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Mutation
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Unpredictable change in DNA
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only mutations in what kind of cells are inherited?
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in sex cells
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Natural Selection
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differential reproduction of individuals with different traits, in response to environment
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Can natural selection be observed?
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yes; wild rabbit from Australia and adaptions occur when they come to Europe
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models of natural selection
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stabilizing, disruptive, directional
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stabalizing
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the average trait is selected
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Disruptive
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Opposites, extremes are selected
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Directional
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favors one extreme
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balancing selection is an example of what type of natural selection
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disruptive
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balancing selection
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maintains diversity in a population, doesn't favor one form of a gene over another
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Genetic Drift
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Small populations change by random chance events
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Founder effect
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new habitat, few individuals
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Bottlenecks
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drastic population reduction
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Gene Flow
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migration of fertile individuals or transfer of gametes
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Nonrandom Mating
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choose mate, sexual selection
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what does sexual selection lead to?
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sexual dimorphism
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sexual selection
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certain traits make an individual more attractive to the opposite sex, and thus more like to reproduce
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Bateman- Trivers Theory
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Sexual selection acts on males more strongly than on females (eggs are expensive but sperm are cheap)
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Classification of sexual selection
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intrasexual, intersexual
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intrasexual
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individuals of one sex compete
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intersexual/ mate choice
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for resources, protection, or aid to offspring
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Intasexual Selection
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Males compete over females or over resources that attract females
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Intersexual selection (mate choice)
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generally females choice, males advertise qualities, female chooses best male
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Microevolution
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changes in gene frequency over generations
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Macroevolution
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level of change in organisms that is evident in the fossil record
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Speciation
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Bridges microevolution and macroevolution
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Phylogenetic species concept
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Species are identified by having a unique combination of traits
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Biological Species Concept
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A group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring, but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species
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ring species
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traits acquired in a ring so to speak but one end of the circle can't mate with the other half
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Evolutionary Species Concept
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A species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and had its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
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Ecological Species Concept
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Each species occupies an ecological niche
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Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
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Eggs and sperm never meet
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Temporal isolation
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(he works the night shift, she works the day shift)
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Behavioral isolation
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he likes night clubs, she likes the opera
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Mechanical isolation
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the parts don't fit, male and female unable to mate
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Gametic isolation
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even if sperm and egg come together they don't fuse
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Ecological/ habitual isolation
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he lives in LA, she lives in NY
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zygotic mortality/ inviability
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Dies before birth
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Hybrid Sterility
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infertile
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Hybrid Breakdown
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weak, low fitness, high mortality, rate among offspring and future generations (happens with amphibians and ligers)
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BIO 181: EXAM 3