48 Cards in this Set
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Cladistics
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only shared derived
characters (any aspect of phenotype - DNA, Physiology, Behavior, Morphology) are considered
informative about evolutionary
relationships
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Derived Characteristics
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Similarity that is inherited from the most
recent common ancestor of an entire
group
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Ancestral characteristics
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Similarity that arose prior to the common
ancestor of the group
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Clade
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Species that share a common ancestor as
indicated by the possession of shared
derived characters
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Cladogram
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Depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary
relationships
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Plesiomorphies
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ancestral states
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Symplesiomorphies vs Synapomorphy
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shared ancestral
states vs derived character
shared by clade members
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Homoplasy
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a shared character state
that has not been inherited from a
common ancestor
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Polyphyletic group
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Does not include the most recent
common ancestor of all members of the group
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Biological species concept (BSC)
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Defines species as groups of interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated
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Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)
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Species is a population or set of
populations characterized by one or more
shared derived characters
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monophyletic group
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includes a group of organisms descended from a single ancestor
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paraphyletic group
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one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendents
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Ontogeny vs Phylogeny
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In science dictionaries you’ll come across ‘ontogeny’ which means the origin of an organism or how it was developed. ‘Phylogeny,’ on the other hand, is the evolution of an organism or how it evolved.
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ingroup vs outgroup
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ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify
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Parsimony
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When applied to computational phylogenetics, maximum parsimonydescribes a particular non-parametric statistical method for constructing phylogenies. In this application, the preferred phylogenetic trees are the trees that suppose the least evolutionary change to explain observed data (hen…
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relative age vs absolute age
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location in sediment vs radioactive decay (half life)
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Miller and Urey Experiment
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In 1953, Miller and Urey did an experiment
that reproduced early atmosphere
– Assembled reducing atmosphere rich in
hydrogen with no oxygen gas
– Atmosphere placed over liquid water
– Temperature below 100ºC
– Simulate lightning with sparks
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Miller and Urey Results
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Found within a week that methane gas
(CH4) converted into other simple carbon
compounds
Later experiments produced more than 30
carbon compounds including amino acids
– Adenine also produced
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Binominal Nomenclature
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binominal nomenclature or binarynomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
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Endosymbiosis
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The endosymbiosis theory postulates that
The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably related to therickettsias) living within their host cell.
The chloroplasts of red algae, green algae, and plants evolved from endosymbioticcyanobacteria.
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Taxons in Linnaean
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Characteristics of Living Things
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1.) Composed of cells
2.) Have different levels of organization
3.) Use energy
4.) Respond to environment
5.) Grow and develop
6.) Reproduce
7.) Ability to adapt
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Domain
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Highest taxonomic rank of organisms
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photosynthetic bacteria marine
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photosynthetic bacteria marine
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Bacterial shapes
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bacillus - rod shaped
coccus - circle
spirillum – Helical-shaped
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Flagellum
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– Slender, rigid, helical structures
– Composed of the protein flagellin
– Involved in locomotion – spins like propeller
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– Peptidoglycan forms a rigid network in cell wall
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Maintains shape
• Withstands hypotonic environments
• Archaea have a similar molecule (pseudomurein)
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
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– Conjugation – cell-to-cell contact
– Transduction – bybacteriophages
– Transformation – from the environment
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Nucleoid Region
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(Nucleous Like)
– Contains the single, circular chromosome
– May also contain plasmids
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Bacteria vs archaea environment
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Bacteria: aquatic environments,decaying matter (obtain food by photosynthesis.)
Archaea: extremophiles, extreme temp, pH, osmotic pressure.
Archaea 3 polymerases while bacteria have 1
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Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria
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• Gram positive bacteria
– Thick, complex network of peptidoglycan
– Also contains lipoteichoic and teichoic acid
• Gram negative bacteria
– Thin layer of peptidoglycan
– Second outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide
– Resistant to many antibiotics
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
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The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eu…
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Vertical Gene Transfer
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when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor
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eukaryote
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-nucleus
-lots of organelles
-complex
- multiple, linear DNA molecules; 2 copies (2n complement)
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Protist
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Protists do not have much in common apart from a relatively simple organization. They may occur as unicellular, multicellular, coenocytic, or colonial organisms.
Protists include: (1) protozoa, the animal-like protists, (2) algae, the plant-like protists, and (3) slime moulds and water…
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Choanoflagellate
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- believed to be related to both animals and fungi
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phototroph
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capture energy from the sun
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Asexual vs Sexual reproduction
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Asexual: produce offspring identical to parent (clones)
Sexual: produce offspring NOT identical to parents
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The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
arose from infoldings of prokaryotic cell
membrane
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...
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Mosquitos/Parasite
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Complex life cycle – sexual, asexual,
different hosts
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Diplomonads
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• Unicellular
• Move with flagella
• 2 nuclei
• Degenerate mitochondria
• Giardia
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Parabasalid
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• Live in termite guts
– Host cellulose degrading bacteria
• Trichomonas vaginalis – STD
• Undulating membrane for locomotion
• Use flagella
• Lack mitochondria – derived trait
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Euglenzoa
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Among the earliest eukaryotes to possess
mitochondria
• 1/3rd have chloroplasts and are autotrophic
– May become heterotrophic in the dark
• Others lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic
• All have a flexible pellicle
• No sexual reproduction
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Alveolata
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Photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella
• Live in aquatic environments
• Some are luminescent
• Do not appear to be directly related to any other
phylum
•“Red tide” are “blooms” – fish, birds, and
marine mammals may die from toxins
• DNA not complexed with histones
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Extinction
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the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.
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Endemic species
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species found naturally in
only one geographic area and no place else
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Amphibian Decline
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pristine, protected environments
sensitive moist skin
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BIO 181: EXAM 3