BIO 183: FINAL EXAM
118 Cards in this Set
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Metastasis
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Occurs when cancer cells enter the bloodstream of surrounding body fluids
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Metastatic tumor
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can migrate to other parts of the body
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invasice tumor
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can invade healthy tissue
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malignant tumor
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loss of normal growth regulation: can cause death if untreated
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Carcinogens
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agents that increase the likelihood of developing cancer
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Causes of cancer
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Mutagens, Viruses
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How Viruses cause cancer
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1) modifying the genes in the host cell
2) carrying oconogenes in the viral genome
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Tumor-repressor gene
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Normally codes for a gene that prevents cancer, but when mutated, it eliminates this function and can cause cancer
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Oconogen
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When a mutation causes this gene to be overactive, uncontrolled cell growth occurs
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Cause of nondisjunction
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One set of homologs fails to seperate, causing all gametes to have an abnormal number of chromosomes
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Nondisjunction
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Chromosomes fail to seperate in meiosis I or II
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Nucleotide excision repair
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the segment with nucleotides in the damaged strand is removed from the DNA. The undamaged strand is used as a template. Occurs in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Reciprocal translocation
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An even exchange between segments of 2 chromosomes
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Simple translocation
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One segment of a chromosome becomes attatched to another chromosome
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Chromosomal inversions
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chromosomal change in direction
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Chromosomal duplication
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Chromosomal selection occurs 2 or more times in a row
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Chromosomal deficiencies
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A segment of the chromosome is missing (deletion)
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Mutations
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A heritable change in the genetic material: causes genetic variation
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Carpel
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Function: central female organ of the flower. It's generally bowling pin shaped and in the center of the flower
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Stigma
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Function: Receives pollen, typically flattened and sticky
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Style
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Function: Connective tissues between the stigma and ovary
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Ovary
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Function: Contains ovules or embryo sacs
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Ovules
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Function: Unfertilized, immature seeds
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Stamen
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Function: Male flower organ
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Anther
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Function: pollen producing organs
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Filament
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Function: supports the anther
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Petals
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Function: Usually colorful, may contain perfume and nectar glands
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Sepals
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Function: Protective leaf-like enclosures forthe flower buds; usually green
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Receptacle
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The base of the flower
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Simple Fruit
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1 flower, 1 ovary
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Agregate fruit
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many ovaries of one flower
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multiple fruit
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many ovaries of very clustered flowers
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Strawberry
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example of agregate fruit
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pineapple
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example of multiple fruit
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Monoecious
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carpels and stamen in one plant. Ex) Corn: female = silk, male = tassel
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Dioecious
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Carpels and stamen in seperate plants
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sagitaria
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example of dioecious plant
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Pea
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example of simple fruit
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Ovules
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Where mitosis/meiosis occurs
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Ovary
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Where fertilization occurs in plants
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Multicellular structures
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Megaspores, microspores, embryo sac, pollen grain
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Megaspores
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Female: develop into female gametophytes which produce egg cells
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Microspores
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Male: develop into male gametophytes which produce sperm cells
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Embryo Sac
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Female gametophyte
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Pollen grain
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male gametophyte
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Double fertilization
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When one sperm fertilizes the egg and one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei
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Pollen germination
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Changes that occur in the pollen grain; starting with hydration and ending with the formation of the pollen tube (from the tube cell)
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Antipodal cells
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3 haploid cells in the mature embryo sac of flowering plants
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synergids
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nourish the egg of plants
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Cotyledons
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First structures that emerge in embryo development
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Suspensor Cells
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Attatch the embryo to the parental tissue in plants
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Proembryo
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different tissues of the developing embryo: protoderm, meristem, procambium
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Protoderm
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Becomes integumentary tissue in plants (epithelial)
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Meristem
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All other tissues in plants
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Procambium
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Becomes vascular tissue which then becomes xyolem and phloem in plants
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endosperm
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surrounds the embryo and provides nourishment for it
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Seeds must be dispersed far away from the mother plant so that they can find a favorable and less competitive environment to germinate and grow
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Why is fruit important?
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Single seeded with one cotyledon. Embryonic shoot tip and root protected by tissue.
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Structure of monocot
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Coleoptile
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Tissue sheath that protects the embryonic shoot tip in plants
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Coleorhiza
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Tissue sheath that protects the embryonic root
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Embryo with large cotyledons
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Structure of dicot
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Epicotyl
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The embryonic shoot above the cotyledons: in monocots it will develop into the plant
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Hypocotyl
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In dicots, what appears to be the base of the stem: under the withered cotyldeons
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Radicle
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The portion of the embryo that gives rise to the root system of a plant
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Fire, rainfall, harsh winters, light
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Environmental cues for germination to occur
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DNA replication
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When puberty occurs for males
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Meiosis I
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When puberty occurs for females
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Lydig cells
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produce testosterone in the presence of LH
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Sertoli cells
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Type of spermatic cell around which spermatids develop in the tubules of the testes
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Polar bodies
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Also found in the embryo sac of plants, unknown function, released after meiosis in oogenesis and degenerate
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Follicle
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Basic unit of female reproduction: each contains a single oocyte
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Graffian follicle
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A fluid filled structure in the ovary where an ovum develops before ovulation
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Corpus luteum
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hormone secreting structure that develops in the ovary after an ovum has been discharged: degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
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Primary oocyte
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Cell whose primary function is to divide by meiosis
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Secondary oocyte
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Oocyte in which the first meiotic division is completed: usually stops short of completion unless pregnancy occurs
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Vitelline envelope
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formed from extracellular components in oviparous animals
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Zona pellucida
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formed from extracullular components in mammals
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Jelly layer
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Fromed in some species outside the vitelline envelope
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Cortical granules
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Vesicles filled with enzymes
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acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction, activation of the egg
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Three steps of fertilization
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sprem cell contacts egg and releases hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve the jelly layer, sperm binding proteins are exposed: they bind to the sperm, sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse: the sperm's nucleus enters the egg
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Acrosomal reaction process
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IP3 is released from the plasma membrane near fusion site, stimulating the release of Ca2+ from the ER, stimulating the exocytosis of the corticle granules, the contents of the ganules cause the vitelline layer and plasma membrane to seperate: destroying sperm binding proteins: the vitell…
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Cortical reaction process
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sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a zygote (completion of meiosis II)
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Egg activation process
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2 months
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When an embryo becomes a fetus
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clevage, gastrulation, organogenesis
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3 phases of early development
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Animal pole
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The portion of the egg where the yolk is least concentrated
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Vegetal pole
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The portion of the egg where the yolk is most concentrated: where it's plump
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Complete cleavage (Holoblastic)
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The complete division of an egg into blastomeres
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Incomplete cleavage (meroblastic)
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The partial cleavage of eggs in certain animals
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Ectoderm
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Gives rise to nervous system, cornea and lens, epidermis of skin, lining of mouth and rectum, tooth enamel
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Mesoderm
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Gives rise to notochord, skeletal system, circular system, muscular system, lining of body cavity
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Endoderm
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Gives rise to epitheleal ling of tracts, liver, pancreas, thyroid, thymus
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Blastopore
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Becomes the anus in deuterosomes and the mouth in protosomes
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Archenteron
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Forms the primitive gut
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3 embryonic tissues are arranged in layers, the gut has formed, the major body axes are visible
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3 main results from gastrulation
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Embryogenesis
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cleavage and gastrulation: the process in which the embryo forms and develops
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Notochord
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Rod shaped support organ which causes the neural plate to form
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Neural plate
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Sends signals to the ectoderm- forms the neural tube
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Neural tube
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gives rise to the brain and spinal cord; development of the central nervous system
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somites
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Repeating blocks of tissue on either side of the notochord; unique to vertebrates
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FSH and LH
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male reproductive hormones
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FSH
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initiates spermatogenisis in males, stimulates the ovaries to create estrogen and progesterone in females
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LH
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Signals the release of testosterone in males
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Estrogen
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Conversion of girls to women, prepares for the monthly possibility of pregnancy, aides in pregnancy
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Progesterone
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Stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy
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Pituitary gland
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secretes FSH and LH
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Hypothalamus
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Secretes GnRH: sending signals to the pituitary gland
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Secondary sexual characteristics
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characteristics that occur after puberty
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Follicle grows in response to FSH, LH and FSH levels increase, stimulating ovulation
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Follicular phase of ovarian cycle
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CL forms on the ovary secretes progesterone, making the uterus ready for an embryo
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Luteal phase of ovarian cycle
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The egg is grabbed by the fallopian tubes and waits there for the sperm cell
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What happens if fertilization occurs
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24 hours
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How long after fertilization does cell division begin?
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Blastocyst
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Ball of cells (embryo one week after fertilization)
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Endometrium
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Where implantation occurs
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Trophoblast
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Finger like projections that eventually turn into endometrial tissue
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HCG
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promotes the maintenance of CL during the beginning of pregnancy. Allows the CL to secrete progesterone during the first trimester.
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embryo
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what secretes HCG and what the HCG maintains
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Placenta
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What takes over the role of HCG at the beginning of the second trimester?
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BIO 183: EXAM 1