38 Cards in this Set
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In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis?
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Pyruvate, ATP, and NaDH
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During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in which of the following?
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the cytoplasm
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The main products of the Krebs cycle (aka citric acid cycle) are...
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ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2
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Oxydative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain takes place in which of the following?
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The inner mitochondrial membrane
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Electrons that are transported in the electron transport chain during oxydative phosphorylation are provided by the hydrolysis of which of the following?
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NADH and FADH2
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The chemiosmotic force generated during oxydative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following?
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ATP synthase
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When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in human muscle cells, which of the following is produced?
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2 ATPs and lactic acid
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The end product of fermentation in yeast (as is seen in wine making) is which of the following?
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ethanol
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Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called...
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autotrophs
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The two main stages of photosynthesis in chloroplasts are
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light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
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What is the purpose of stomata on the underside of leaves, in green plants?
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The allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of leaves
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The main electron donor to photosystem 2, in the electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane is...
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water
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Which of the following best explains the patter of photosynthesis illustrated below?
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The rate of photosynthesis is at its lowest in the green range of the visible light spectrum
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Which of the following is accurate about photosynthesis?
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Protons are pumped into the thylakoid lumen, against their concentration gradient, as electrons are passed from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1
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Which of the following justifies the need for a cyclic electron flow in the thylakoid membrane?
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The Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH
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During photosynthesis, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of thylakoids is...
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NADPH
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The evolution of photorespiration can best be explained by which of the following?
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When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll causes rubisco to work backwards
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The release of hormones such as insulin is an example of what type of cell signaling?
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endocrine signaling
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The signlaing molecules that bind to receptors to activate them are also known as...
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Ligands
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Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are known to bind to which of the following?
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intracellular receptors
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Upon binding of a ligand, receptor tyrosine kinases do which of the following?
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They dimerize, autophosphorylate, and trigger a cascade of intracellular signal transduction
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Which of the following best describes G-protein-coupled receptors?
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receptor-associated intracellular protein complexes composed of 3 subunits
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The advantage of using Ca2+, cAMP, or a pyramid-shaped cascade of phosphorylation downstream of membrane-bound receptors is...
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Signal amplification and speed
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The basic structure of a neuron comprises which of the following?
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A soma, an axon, and dendrites
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Glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and...
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Schwann cells
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The resting membrane potential of neurons is kept aroud -70mV mainly by...
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the sodium/potassium pump (ATPase)
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Once the voltage threshold (appx. -55mV) is reached at the axon hillock, which of the following immediately happens?
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Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium to rush in the cell, thereby depolarizing it
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At the synapse between neurons, neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic neuron by doing which of the following?
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Neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated channels that allow specific ions to enter the cell, thereby generating excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
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The excitatory and inhibitory stimuli that are received at the level of dendrites are known as...
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graded potentials
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Which of the following triggers the release of neurotransmitter by a presynaptic neuron?
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Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal
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The general formula that describes photosynthesis is:
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CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2 + H20
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When flucose is not available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from __________ or _____________.
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lipids, proteins
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The general formula that describes cellular respiration:
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C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
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The process of bringing a neuron (or any other cell) from its resting potential to a more negative value is called...
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hyperpolarization
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Two different pigments that are involved in capturing the energy of photons during photosynthesis...
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chlorophyll, carotenoid
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Nucleosomes are composed of DNA and 8+1 proteins called...
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histones
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The mill-looking enzyme that generates ATP in the membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, as protons pass through it is called...
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ATP synthase
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When smooth muscle cells get activated in the digestive tract, calcium ions flow into those cells. Those muscle cells have the ability to transmit this activation signal to adjacent cells by leaking Ca2+ ions through their gap junctions. This is an example of ____________ signaling.
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direct
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BIO 183: EXAM 1